C&B (u2 ip&db) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

C&B (u2 ip&db) - Essay ExampleIn addition, out-of-pocket expenses are likely to be less than they would be for other types of programs. Fourth, co-payments are very pitiful or nothing. Fifth, anything that is not covered under Medicare may be available at a fiddling fee or for nothing. Sixth, there is virtually no paperwork. Finally, You will not need Medigap insurance to adjunct your Medicare coverage because the excogitate provides you with all or most of the same benefits at no additional cost. strange Medigap insurers who in some cases jackpot refuse to sell you a policy if you have a wellness problem, plans generally must accept all Medicare applicants (U.S. Department of wellness and Human Services, 2008).There are solo a few disadvantages to the program, and given the chance, I would definitely enroll. This is mainly because I have gone so long without insurance that these benefits sound amazing to me. The only disadvantages I could find were that enrollees must use pre -determined, plan physicians, hospitals, or care providers certain services require pre-approval from the enrollees primary care physician and that it can take up to 30 days to leave the program if you so choose (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services).Medicare Managed Care. (2008). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved August 1, 2008, from http//www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/fed_prog/mm_care/medcare.htmWhat%20are%20the%20AdvantagesMedicaid is a program that can make it executable for those who would not otherwise be able to afford healthcare coverage to obtain it, get healthy, and lodge healthy. According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (2008, pg. 1), Medicaid is available only to certain low-income individuals and families who fit into an eligibility group that is recognized by federal and state law. Medicaid does not pay money to you instead, it sends payments directly to your health care providers. Depending on your states

Training Module Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Training Module - Assignment ExampleWith bear upon to project management successionline, it erect be apparently observed that there pertain numerous scopes as well as risks relating to the development of the dressing plan. In this regard, the scopes might encompass generation of greater guest value and employee motivation among others. On the other hand, the risks might comprise having negative attitude towards the organization and unwillingness of the leaders among others. It is to be stated that different sorts of activities like interactive learning, demonstrations and analysis of case studies can be executed in order to prepare the training plan more effectual for Tesco. 2. Identification and principle of the Goals/Objectives Goals/ verifiables in the training staff are the major considerations that can support an organization to accomplish its craved expectations (Gullett & Bedi, 2007). Therefore, following are the major objectives that require to be undertaken in order to build an effective training mental faculty. Increasing Productivity Increasing productivity will be a primary objective of the boilers suit training module which can eventually enable Tesco to strive the capability of each individual employee indoors the organization. The main reason behind this objective is to maintain and develop the present brand position on with long-term sustainability of the organization in the highly competitive retail constancy (Koller,Harvey, & Magnotta, 2010). Establishing Communication between Employees and functional Environment The objective of establishing effective communication between the personnel and the working environment can generate adequate support to an organization towards developing the performance level of each individual. The rationale of this particular objective is to increase the amount of coordination amid the employees and raise operational effectiveness by a greater level (Wilson, Stine & Bowen 2009). Minimizing court a nd Time Cost and time minimization is often regarded as the major goals of training module that can enable an organization to increase its revenue and accomplish superior competitive position over its question business market participants. In terms of rationale, it can be affirmed that the objective of minimizing cost and time has been taken into concern for Tesco due to the augmentation of extreme business market competition in the respective industry and alterations in the business environment (Wilson, Stine & Bowen 2009). 3. Outcomes and Rationale of the Training Module In relation to the proposed training module for Tesco, it can be anticipated that three major outcomes can significantly reinforce the performance of the organization. The voltage outcomes from the training module have been discussed in the following section. Adequate Control of the Process The training module concerning electronic and online technological aspect can improve the capability of Tesco to obtain gre ater control and qualification in its overall operational as well as functional process (Ellis, 2009). Increase familiarity and Capability The training module concerning electronic and online technology can emphasize upon providing greater scope for mental institution and also formulating effective ways to meet the ultimate objectives of the organization at large (Ellis, 2009). Productive workings Environment The nature of the proposed training module can be recognized as that it has been designed to make aware the employees to become much

Week two questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week two questions - designation ExampleIn the process of considering what to put into trade, besides having business growth in mind it is excessively very important to establish the suitability of the harvest to the node. In that line, the organization might be obligate to constantly seek the opportunity to introduce new products and new procedures to invade new markets and also to throw new organizational forms.Establishing good ideas from bad ideas is one major factor in establishing a market niche. Being able to relate what the customer expectations are in regard to a particular product especi in ally the final product quality whether high or low does not depend on the price elasticity of demand. Rather, it associated more with the specific needs that the particular product is meant to satisfy.This is a concept that is proposed to apprehend a pattern among successful advertising companies. It states that campaigns made unique propositions to the customer and this convince s producers to switch brands. In former(a) words, it means any aspect of an object that differentiates it from other similar objects.Example of a product with an smooth unique selling proposition is the Bata shoes from Bata Company. Purchasing a pair from their stores definitely leaves a customer satisfied. They book a convenient and customer friendly online store for which they sell shoes and other accessories. They have excellent services since they offer free shipping and free return shipping for the purchased shoes that customers bustt want. This sometimes works in favor of Bata Company when the customers keep the purchased pairs of shoes. But in the depicted object when the customers refuse to take the pairs of shoes and opt to ship them back, it cuts into the margin of the company and this lowers the net profits.Besides all these, Bata is known as the convenient, customer friendly, and most trusted way to purchase shoes online. This has made

OUTLINE ASSIGNMENT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

OUTLINE ASSIGNMENT - Research Paper Example myrrh possesses effective antimicrobial activity, which is why it has been utilise in the treatment of many diseases. The opposite substance used in inborn wound healing is the propolis, which is collected by bees Apis mellifera from trees. It has antimicrobial, antiulcer, anti-oxidative and antitumor. Traditional wound premeditation has shown excellent results since they support the scientific that a most environment helps the healing process.II. Natural wound anguish methods entail the stimulating of the body to produce hormones and cells to help in the healing process. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is an example of a natural wound care method. It involves the inhalation of pure oxygen at three times the habitual pressure. Blood carries the pure oxygen all over the body. It helps in fighting bacteria and stimulating angiogenesis. It promotes the sac of stem cells and growth factors. Matrix therapy with OTR4120 also helps stimulates gro wth factors to speed up the process of healing. The OTR4120 helps in restoring the natural cell microenvironment, which aids in preventing an impaired wound healing process (Tong, et al., 2012). It helps the healing process by support an intrinsic regeneration of tissues. It corrects the factors that disturb the wound healing process.III. The healing of wounds in diabetes is done exploitation many methods. The process can use traditional wound care practices that use honey, propolis, myrrh and other products with medicinal properties. Honey and propolis helps in speeding up the healing process for diabetes patients (Loft, Badra, W., & Alenzi, 2015). However, additional clinical march is required to determine the effectiveness of honey in clinical settings. In the use of honey, the MPH bedcover was applied to aid in the treatment of deep wounds. The natural methods of the healing of diabetes wounds are hyperbaric oxygen therapy and intercellular substance therapy with OTR4120. Acc ording to research, both methods

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 41

Case Study - undertake ExampleThe companys four strategies availability, affordability, acceptability, and activation provide manufacturing flexibility that allows the broadening of the product portfolio firearm pursuing the most cost effective route to market for order taking and delivery to customers.information applied science is one of the key drivers to an efficient supply chain management. In 2005, the CCHBC invested heavily in technology applications by introducing a single largest and the most successful roll-out of SAPbased Advanced Planning Optimizer (APO). This has enabled CCHBC to perfect and coordinate operations within its whole network and across borders by consolidating the best practices on a single, standard enterprise platform. This platform facilitates alignment of supply chain and demand planning, which is effective for efficient gross sales and operation planning. Information technology has led to the creation of cost saving opportunities and leadership i n the national of fast-selling goods.CCHBC skunk bring about integration in the supply chain by outsourcing some of its operations internally and externally. Internally, the company can outsource goods or services within its supply network. The company should be keen on the decision which goods or services it seeks to outsource for effective integration. In the process of course outsourcing, the company should seek to regulate the period of outsource because this can lead to the loss of in-house expertise. Externally, the company can seek to outsource globally. Most organizations seek this kind of business outsourcing because of the low costs and skills available internationally. globose outsourcing enables the purchasers to tap into technological expertise that may not be available in their native countries. It as well creates a global process network amongst its suppliers, which, in turn, creates a pool of promising synergies to increase their

Dorothy Parker and an Analysis of Her Short Stories Research Paper

Dorothy Parker and an Analysis of Her Short Stories - Research Paper ExampleShe went through trinity marriages, including devil with the same part. Most people say that her sharp wit was also a result of these marriages and self-destructive attempts, which indulged her to take on alcohol as a soothing device. Nonetheless, this paper helps to provide an insight into iii of her short stories, while comprehending how Parker has made use of wit and humour from her life, into those stories, in order to tell the initiation about the miseries of her marriages. She was also one of the founders of the Algonquin Round Table and wrote for Vanity Fair however, her wit proved to be too sarcastic for some of the producers. Initially however, her wit as a critic was highly popular among the people because she told the truth in its rawest form making a number of producers and directors feel passing uncomfortable for their less than average results in the box office. No wonder Parker was able to laugh at herself quite well too. Her stories are permanent proof of how she was witty about everything including her own personal life. For example, she had constitutional ambivalent feelings about her Jewish background and she joked that in order to escape her name, she got married to a protect Street stock broker by the name of Edwin Pond Parker II because of the anti-Semitic feelings that were prevalent in America, as well as around the world, at the time. All her stories have some or the other snippet taken from her life and this paper presents her married life in comic through her writing. (Meade, Marion) through and through her worst years, Dorothy Parker always tried to maintain a very tough exterior for the world to see. This was credibly because of a few reasons ranging from the already doomed image of women in the much talked about patriarchal purchase order at the time, as well as maintaining her position as someone who had the best wit in the country at the time. She drank publicly in order to submit a sense of masculinity and to register that women could be tough as well. Parker often said, Wit has truth in it wisecracking is simply calisthenics with words. (Parker, Dorothy) condescension her failed marriages, she scoffed at her own misery in public in order to show people that thither were worse problems in life. In subsequent successful volumes of poetrySunset Gun(1928), Death and Taxes (1931), and non So Deep as a Well(1936)Parker poked fun at her own heartbreak, masochism, and hopefulness. Her most stiff verse captures the breadth of her dreams and disappointments with bitter irony and perfect turns of phrase, but only hints at their depths. (Itzkovitz, Daniel) One of Parkers very famous short poems is about how she was reckless enough to drink and be with any man that she wanted to. For example, I like to have a martini, Two at the very most. After three Im under the table, after four Im under my host. However, her stories still po rtray women in a much closed form where they are not able to intercommunicate up other than to their own thoughts. In all her stories discussed within this paper, Parkers characters are only able to speak to the voices in their heads. (Walker, Nancy) The Waltz written by Parker is one of her all time best satirical pieces in which a young womans thoughts get meddled up as she says yes to waltzing with a man. Her cynical billet gets the best of her positivism and she grimly acknowledges both the voices in her head.

Performance Related Pay in TYLT Mobile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Performance Related Pay in TYLT Mobile - Essay congresswomanIn an attempt to practicalize Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, Professor John Callaghan identified that most people aged betwixt the mid-20s and the mid-30s with graduate and postgraduate qualifications and employment in top companies in modern urban settings tend to run to Level 3 of the Maslow scale The Social Belongingness Stage. This is because most of such persons have access to the basic physiological needs because most of them argon from privileged backgrounds and have a survey of options and do not try some of these basic needs as necessary. Also, such persons have their social security needs are settled because they possess good qualifications and with the advantage of being unseasoned and energetic, such persons have a lot of prospects and have fewer limitations. Their needs are to build social lives like marriage, joining a substantive network of friends and building business links. So the best rewards for them admit socioeconomic rewards that would enable them to meet their needs. Also, since these young employees have many options, they need healthful factors that would make them happy in a given oeuvre and not necessarily motivators. This is because they often tend to select the best work environment and not mediocre a work environment that pays well. The expectancy theory also implies that the effort of these young people who decree the R&D department of TYLT Mobile will want to blend their individual needs which include entrenching their social belongingness needs into their expectations. These expectations would reflect in their performance at work and it would affect the outcome of TYLT Mobiles output. As such, it is reciprocal for TYLT Mobile to find a way of recognizing continuous improvement and rewarding them appropriately. This forms a hygienic factor which when

Latin American History and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Latin American History and political science - Essay ExampleThat step revived with optimism democracy and human rights to Latin Americans (Grow,2008).The influence of US to Latin America has been maintained up to date. That has been demonstrated sever all(prenominal)y by the current US president cheer Hussein Obama when he took trips to Latin to address economic issues such as trade, security, Infrastructure, energy, employment opportunities among other determinants of a countries success. Most closely, Obama was quoted saying that if Latin America was doing well then US will do better. That is an price reduction that US is interested in well being of Latin socio-economic and political stability and they would impose all the required efforts to see that country thrill.In conclusion, the US efforts towards stability of Latin are commendable when we update history with the present. The efforts put forth with by the older presidents of US have been backed more powerfully in the curre nt government and has made a success the dreams of those who initiated

Reflection Paper on case ( Nestle Infant Milk Formula ) Study

Reflection write up on ( Nestle Infant Milk Formula ) - Case Study ExampleCompetitors of a agate line are always present to replace a dying company.Company and its endings are non and morally judged by people but there are some laws and regulations that are specially develop to force every company abide by the rules. In case of violation, the company has to suffer not only morally but too legally. These rules and regulation run a business according to the enactment of business ethics. The code of business ethics helps in judging a companys decision with respect to the set of rules and standards. One can easily gauge the decisions credibility by going through the rules designed.In the chapter three of the book Business Ethics A Global and managerial Perspective, the author David Frtizsche defined some of the basic principles to judge the moral standards of the business decision. According to him the decisions can be judged on their moral credibility by gauging them on the prin ciples like the Egoism and the Utilitarianism. The decisions, according to him can also be judged base on the reason behind the decisions not the outcomes (2004).In the past years a case has been observed in the category of business ethics and the business decisions and their effects. The case produced severe impacts on the marketing strategies of the company. It also degraded the reputation of the company among the customers. The case helped in banning the company for vii years. The decision was considered as not only being morally unethical but also as being legally invalid.The Nestle Company is one of the top dairy service providing companies of the world. The company is based in Switzerland and it is working on many milk and related projects. One of the projects was the Infant Milk formula, which became a headache for the company in the later years. The infant milk formula was formulated as a substitute of the breast milk for the children. It came in powdered form and the feed ing mothers were supposed to mix it with sterilise

Divorce and Our National Values Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

break and Our National Values - Article ExampleThis emphasis may be in the form of the headhunters advice or may be reflected in classic Ameri washstand literature like Thoreaus Walden, or laws passed to make divorce harder, and so on.Kramer goes against many contemporary psychologists when he argues this. For instance, Carl Rogers claimed in the 1970s that the ruff marriages actually increased self-actualization of the individuals involved. In short, the greater the level of freedom and independence enjoyed by the partners, the better the marriage. Kramer suggests that perhaps we should dismantle self-actualization as the goal and replace it with another ideal mutuality. Mutual merriment and care can be bonny as worthy and fulfilling a goal in marriage. Compromise may concoct a certain degree of loss of selfhood, but it does not necessarily mean the loss of happiness or fulfillment.Another issue crops up at this point, related to gender. Kramer reveals how women are supposed to be course more compromising. We have been so socialized into believing these stereotypes that in relationships women often feel pressurized to be the docile and compromising one. Since this is true for a large part of the population, the kind of ideal of mutuality that Kramer proposes might just work out unfairly for women and perpetuate greater inequality in marriages. To counter this, Kramer suggests that by amply accepting mutuality and not expecting only women to inculcate it, we can work towards a value agreement which actually supports longer-lasting relationships instead of encouragingseparation.

Independent, Mediating, Moderating and Dependent Variables Coursework

Independent, Mediating, Moderating and mutualist Variables - Coursework ExampleFor instance, interfere variables explicate the statistical association between longevity needs and income because having money does non necessarily make someone live longer. However, the relationship between income and longevity needs might confine considering that people with higher income tend to have better medical care. A typical example of the intervening variable is the medical care. It basically mediates or intervenes the relation between longevity and income (Springer, 2014). All the correlations between soothsayer and mediator variables, mediator and criterion variables, as well as predictor and criterion variables are probatory for the general test for mediation. For instance, parents typically transplant their social statuses directly to their children. In the same way, they effectively transmit those statuses to their children through education. Parents status childs education childs status.A mediating variable is vital for statistical analyses and research designs that aim to investigate how tobacco saloon programs impact or accomplish their effects on the use of tobacco. The theoretical approach to program evaluation and training generally focuses on the action theory (Amine et al. 2012). In particular, the action theory explains how the tobacco prevention program would take intervening variables. Similarly, a conceptual approach seeks to explicate how mediator variables are related to smoking. Tobacco prevention programs would ultimately obtain information on the intervening mechanisms information would be very useful to the development of adequate programs (Amine et al. 2012). The information would further provide a valuable test of the theoretical or supposed basis of tobacco prevention efforts.Amine, Chakor, and Alaoui (2012) investigate the influence of mediating variables on the theoretical analysis of ethics, relationship marketing, and merged per formance.

Us Imported Oil case - Revised Action Plan Study

Us Imported Oil - Revised feat Plan - Case Study ExampleTotal level of porcine oil production has been volatile, further with a sharp increasing trend, since the year 2009, while domestic production of natural oils has been improving consistently. These observations kick up improving capacity to generate different sources of supply and identify feasibility of a transition from crude oil usage to trust on natural gas. Consistent improvement in oil colour bear on gain and emergence and growth of renewable fuels and oxygenated production also shows improved capacity to exploit sources of fuel while reducing trend in total fuel imports since the year identifies the nations increase ability to rely on internal energy supply. The nation has also been able to reduce its reliance of petroleum products and to reduce its net petroleum exports, a factor that suggest future positive stock-taking exchange from petroleum. The trend in data therefore shows that the United States has the c apacity to reduce it importation and spending of petroleum products and to generate and use natural gas and renewable fuel. Industrial and domestic use of petroleum products has been identified as a major global environmental concern, identifying significance of the action plan, and the above analytic thinking shows the nations ability to implement the plan.The United States Department of Energy. (2014). Strategic plan-2014-2018. The United States Department of Energy. Retrieved from

Explaining Second Language Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Explaining Second Language Learning - Essay exertionoutAfter evaluating and analyzing all theories presented by Lightbown and Spada, we shall conclude which theory has consistencies.Cognitive theory is consistent because it draws how the mind force out achieve second languages irrespective of the manipulation of environment and social context. Therefore, cognitive theory has proven to be consistent than sociocultural and social interaction theories. This is because sociocultural and social interaction theories focus on the role of environment and social context, thus making these theories be inconsistent (Lightbown, & Spada, 2012).Cognitive theory helps us study that all second language learners, irrespective of their environment and social context have at present learned and acquired at least one language. It also elucidates that the humans mind has the capability of learning anything new. Thus, it explains that human cognizance can be divided into twofold complex kinds of rep resentation prior fellowship and adjective knowledge (Lightbown, & Spada, 2012). Prior knowledge represents start-off language acquisition that is stored in long-term memory by dint of schemas and images, and procedural knowledge represents L2 and this indicates that the human minds have the aptitude of learning anything new successfully.So, the central fact that makes cognitive theory consistent is the ability to expound that learning begins with prior knowledge, which is slowly modified to become proceduralized knowledge (Lightbown, & Spada, 2012). This means that learners of second languages have a conscious mind with advanced fluency and competency of the first language, and this will orient their thinking and speaking toward second language acquisition. Subsequently, cognitive theory expounds that the mind work in an information-processing model and this help human learning to achieve. For second language acquisition to be

The Negative Effect of the Internet on Non Western Societies and Essay

The Negative Effect of the mesh on Non Western Societies and Should pass across Areas in Business and Culture - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, some critics of the meshing accept that it encroaches on traditional determine and practices. This essay focuses on the negative personal effects of the internet. It aims to discuss the negative effects of the internet on non-western societies, specifically on their business and culture. After doing secondary research on this topic, the Internet fuck have harmful effects on business because it is used as a pricking for different cybercrimes and it can easily violate user privacy and confidentiality moreover, the Internet also harms cultural values and practices by promoting unhealthy sexual beliefs and practices, converting actual political participation into superficial spectatorship politics and breaking mass traditional socialisation relations and conduct. The Internet can enhance access to economies of scale, but because of its ab ility to pee an almost infinite number of organisations and consumers, turns have also used it as a tool for their crimes. Internet crimes, also called cybercrimes, have become increasingly prevalent because of the widespread adoption of the Internet, the existence of unsecured websites, and wish of security measures on the part of online consumers. Hacking, for instance, can be used to steal financial and personal information. Hackers can and have used the Internet to steal credit card information and use that to make illegitimate purchases online. Internet tommyrot is one of the most alarming criminal activities. The U.S. Department of Justice (2000) defines internet hypocrite as any type of fraud scheme that uses one or more components of the Internet - much(prenominal) as chat rooms, e-mail, message boards, or Websites - to present two-faced solicitation to prospective victims, to conduct fraudulent transactions, or to transmit the proceeds of fraud to financial institut ions or to others connected with the scheme. (cited in Viosca Jr, Bergiel & Balsmeier 2004, p.12). In Africa, Nigeria has gained meritless reputation because of Nigerian fraudsters working online. In the name Effects of the electronic Nigerian money fraud on the brand equity of Nigeria and Africa, Viosca Jr, Bergiel and Balsmeier (2004) study the effect of Nigerian money fraud on Nigerias and Africas brand equity. Kotler and Armstrong (2004) define brand equity as something that stands for consumers perception and feeling about a product and its performance (cited in Viosca Jr, Bergiel & Balsmeier 2004, p.13). Countries and regions can also have brand equity because of the feelings and perceptions that consumers attach to them (Viosca Jr, Bergiel & Balsmeier 2004, p.14). Viosca Jr, Bergiel and Balsmeier (2004) wise(p) that because of Nigerian fraudsters, some foreigners see the county as a haven for criminals and unreliable as business partners and customers. Nwankwo (2003) stres ses that stinting crimes have impacted negatively on the international image of Nigeria, giving it the toga of a crime-ridden nation harmonise to the Central Bank of Nigeria (cited in Viosca Jr, Bergiel & Balsmeier 2004, p.14). Another article is concerned of the rise of West African criminal networks in Are There Emerging West African Criminal Networks? The Case of Ghana, by Aning (2007). This article reveals that these criminal networks are using the Internet to conduct computer and Internet fraud. These journals reveal that many criminals in non-Western societies are exploiting the Internet as a tool for operating fraud and other crimes. As

Managerial Economics Week 6 Individual Work 2 Assignment

Managerial Economics calendar week 6 Individual Work 2 - Assignment ExampleThis is because as the output increase at one point, it does non necessarily increase at another point and the inverse is true. The increase in the operating expenditures per student does not bring out a large decrease to enrollment only when rather on that point is an explicit nature of the function.Apart from enrollment, the other important variable in explaining the variations in operating expenditures per student is the teacher salary variable. This teacher salary variable is significant in the virtuoso that it promotes a higher level of motivation thus the operating expenditure per student allow for decrease. A decrease in teacher salary brings about an increase in the operating expenditure per student. When there is a higher rise in teacher salary, the operating expenditure per student will similarly rise significantly.Minimization is always ideal achieving the best of benefits in every institutio n. In this case, expenditures skip and at the same time, there is a reduction in the enrollment level. Barriers towards enrollment also do not exist and it is a case of unconstrained optimization. To minimize on the operating expenditure per student the computation takes the derivative of the operating expenditure with respect to enrollment.30.9 is the reduction level towards the operating expenditure per student that will occur upon adding one more student. This is because at this point (500) there are economies of scale and there are positive externalities.The regression value does not show a good fit value since it is little than 0.75. This is because the right hand side variables also do not fully explain most of the variations or changes. There is an inverse relationship between enrollment level and expenditure whereby the enrollment level increases as the operating expenditure declines. Economies of enrollment that can also show the size can decrease whenever the expenditur es reduce as the enrollment

Effects of Migration Essay Example for Free

Effects of Migration Essay on that point are a lot of different reasons as to why people migrate, one being squeeze migration, where people are told to move because they could be at risk because of war or natural disasters. another(prenominal) is internal migration, where people leave their country either permanently or temporarily, and could as advantageously be to flee from natural disasters or for work. Immigration is when people move to another country permanently, and could be because of a flake of reasons. There are a lot of people that move from LEDCs to MEDCs like Mexico to America, unification Africa to Europe and Japan from China, for many of those different reasons. Indonesia is far overpopulated and so the government is trying to ease commonwealth pressures on Islands such as Java by spreading out development to some of the more than(prenominal) remote islands like Maluku. This stand fors that many people existent in Indonesia will migrate away, as overpopu lation means thither is a lack of resources in that area, such as food, water and even jobs. A lot of pressure is put on the areas they migrate to because over three million people bring moved there. A lot of the rainforest in the area has had to be cleared, which has led to soil erosion. This also means that a lot of the land is then not suitable to be used for terra firma anymore. What makes it worse is that wild animals destroy the crops, which causes a major shortage.A problem that has occurred is that there has been conflict surrounded by the migrants and the local population. The trans-migrants receive land as an encouragement to move, and the locals think of this as favouritism. The tension then grows as sometimes the government give areas of land that locals used for shifting cultivation to the migrants. Even though some(prenominal) of Indonesias population has migrated away, its population is still rapidly growing, and the scheme to Trans-migrate isnt working as well as planned. Many trans-migrants are coming back after not having much success by-line their leave. Transmigration isnt helping the growing issues of over-population.Depending on the specific circumstance, migration can be either positive or negative in the long run for a country. It could be bad for the countrytheyre leaving, as it could leave many jobs with not enough people to fill them, and the decreasing population could then mean the country loses money and end up with less resources. However, it could also mean that there are in a flash enough resources for the population as the country was overpopulated before, and could have had too many jobs for the amount of people living there.The host country also could have a positive impact from the migrants, for example cheap labor party and migrants could be willing to do jobs that the local population dont want to do, and they bring more money into the country. But the country could also be affected negatively, like if that country becomes overpopulated and then there are too many people for the amount of jobs, and then they claim benefits and live off the government, as well as the shortage of resources that would soon follow.

Superhero Morality Essay Example for Free

Superhero Morality Es regularize?I pin d throw to prove that superheroes be not im example for not abiding by the truth. I am formation immorality as going against was is accepted as good behavior. Superheroes argon very simply state who defend and protect those in need with their extra public abilities. daemon, Batman, the Flash, Ironman, Captain America, Thor and many others have graced us with their cheer in movies, comic-books, and television shows. Their purpose is to save mankind in ways that ordinary citizenry poopt. Superheros argon not ordinary so they should not have to live by legal philosophys that ordinary citizenry go under into place. People ar not supposed to go discover and take the law into their own hands. Essentially that makes them criminals. But let me ask a question. If somebody has a skintn arm and potentiometert open a door isnt it your moral obligation to open the door for them if you endureful? The same thing applies to superheroes, wh en the law is incompetent of stopping people that are hurting people who are unable to defend themselves and the superheroes can, isnt it their responsibility to stop them? As Peter Parkers Uncle Ben said With vast power, comes great responsibility. Take Batman in the series the Dark Knight.For years gangs ran the city with the law being incapable of doing anything because everyone was afraid of testifying against the gangs. People were being killed, stores were being robbed, children were being forced to watch their parents die. Enforcers of the law were in the pockets of these criminals. detestation ran the city, until one citizen decided to do something ab unwrap it, Bruce Wayne. Now Bruce was not a cop, he technically had no authority to go about eliminating nuisance lords but the people with the authority to take out the crime lords were incapable of doing it because of the law itself.Law is supposed to help keep order in the world, but in Gotham it was keeping the crime i n order. So Batman rose. Superheroes are the only ones that can standup and make a transport when the law is ultimately hurting the people it was designed to protect even if it is technically good luck the law. some disagree with superheroes being exempt from the law. E surplusly in a land of democracy superheroes should be on the same ground as ordinary people. Saying that superheroes dont have to expect by the law is welcoming sanatorium. If they can do it, wherefore cant ordinary people?Since Superman can fly into a hostage blank space why cant an ordinary man alike John? John might think that he has the ability to negotiate or stealthily get the people out of the dangerous situation because he negotiates for his job or sneaks out of his house a lot to see his mistress without his wife ever knowing. He has a special skill set that someone on the police force might not have. victimisation the system of logic of if you can do it you should do it it would be Johns responsi bility to go into that hostage situation to save those people.Saying that its okay for superheroes is hypocritical because anyone can be a superhero. It would be contrary if we were saying that only people with abilities no one else can attain could be a superhero. Superman and Thor are perfect examples. Both of these superheroes attained their powers from their lineage. They can do what principle humans cannot. But superheroes like Ironman and Batman are ordinary people with rich banks. So saying they can take the law into their own hands is giving the okay for everyone to take the law into their own hands which ends in chaos.The law was put into place to give structure to a naturally chaotic world. Ultimately if at that place is chaos more bad behavior is going on than good behavior. More immoralities than moralities. Most laws punish what isnt good behavior like killing, stealing, or forging which i bad behavior. Bad behavior is breaking rule, in this case a law. Those actions are immoral, so law is a good compass for what is moral and immoral. We cannot hold people who break these law accountable if the very same person that brought them in broke laws as well.Thats why warrants and other measures exist for the people that are trained to enforce the law. Using Okham razor it simple. People that break the law are criminals. Superheroes break the law. Superheroes are criminals. The issue with that argument is that superheroes are not normal people. They are different hence the super before the hero. If John the unfaithful married man that has a job in negotiation went into the hostage situation and succeeded in getting the people out he would be considered a hero not a superhero. Superheroes achieve what should be impossible.Batman and Ironman are a different type of superheroes but they are superheroes because of their gadgets and genius minds. The men themselves a Bruce Wayne and Tony Stark are not superheroes because they cannot achieve superhuman acts without their gadgets. If, a men, they were to save people they would be considered heroes. But when these men put on their suits and use their genius minds to power them they become superheroes. Because superheroes are not normal people they stay on by different rules/laws. A sort of superheroes code. One for example is notkilling. I can say this and be correct because law is not the decider of immorality. Stealing to feed ones family is a good behavior, the act is not immoral but the person can go to jail for it because stealing is against the law. Lying is immoral, but there is no law against lying. The reasons for laws is the prevent chaos, but the reason superheroes rise is because there is chaos. In the Justice partnership cartoon show Wonder woman left her homeland to stand beside the other members of the Justice coalition because the world was in turmoil.If the law was doing what it was supposed to do, preventing chaos, superheroes wouldnt need to exist. But the law fails at doing that, which is why superheroes have to step in. There I also an utilitarian view. Superheroes have a choice. Either they appraise the law perhaps letting innocent people die or be harmed because the law prevents them from stepping in which would most likely hurt many or they step in and eliminate the issue which would in all likelihood only hurt a few (which would be the villains most likely).I have proven that superheroes are not immoral for not abiding by the law by explaining that superheroes are not normal people so the law applies to them in a different way. Superheroes have a responsibility to abide by their own moral compass and live up to the responsibility of their power. Normal people can be heroes but they have to abide by the law so chaos wont arise. Superheroes rise because there is chaos that the law cant control. And since immorality is being defined as going against what is being considered good behavior it immorality is relative not a law so the superher oes are moral however they choose to save people.

Asses sociological explanations for ethnic differences in educational achievement Essay Example for Free

Asses sociological explanations for ethnic differences in disciplineal transaction EssayAsses sociological explanations for ethnic differences in educational achievement. 20 marks. Ethnicity refers to shared heathenish practices, perspectives, and distinctions that set apart one group of people from a nonher. That is, ethnicity is a shared cultural heritage. The most parking lot characteristics distinguishing various ethnic groups are ancestry, a sense of history, language and religion. Modern Britain is said to be a multicultural society made up of numerous different ethnic groups.Achievement within education is very varied across cultures, with or so such as Chinese and Indian schoolchilds performing in a higher place the average, and Afri house-Caribbean and Pakistani students performing well below average. There are some factors which can reduce a child from an ethnic backgrounds attainment. For instance, Material deprivation. Material deprivation focuses on income inequality and the genuine problems that are associated with it. An specimen of such a study is J. W. B Douglas, The Home and The School (1964). He argued that an interlocking network of inequalities existed which operated against many working class students.This included, differential effects of regional and variations in educational provision and expenditure. Also, housing and environmental factors. Which led to chances of access to good primary schools. Therefore, hindering the chance of access to top streams. As a result, nonage ethnic children are more likely to live in low-income households. This means they face the problems that Douglas highlighted, the material factors, such as poor quality housing, no working space and even possibly swingeing influence of peers. One other reason for differences in educational achievement between ethnicities is the basic family life.African-Caribbean communities ca-ca a high level of lone parenthood. Actually, it is estimated 50% of Afri can-Caribbean households have a lone-parent . This can mean that many face financial problems, this can lead to lower achievement in school (Douglas material factors). Conversely, angiotensin converting enzyme mothers can be a positive role model or influence for many teenage girls, meaning they perform better in education. Another explanation for ethnic differences is Language. For many children of an ethnic minority English is not their primary language. This can be a disadvantage because they may not translate exams as well as others.Also they might struggle to express themselves with limited English. Finally, some teachers may mistake poor English for a lack of intelligence, when actually this could be completely untrue, meaning that a clever child may be let down by the teacher who might not push the student to their full potential. However, you could argue that Chinese and Indian students first language isnt English, on the other hand in these two cultures it is the norm t o learn English as a well second language. Therefore, they are not hindered by the second language barrier, as opposed to East Pakistanis for example.Language was such a big issue that Bernstein (1973) categorised students into two groups. Elaborated and restricted. In the causal agency of an elaborated code, the speaker will select from a relatively extensive range of alternatives. However in the case of a restricted code the number of these alternatives is ofttimes severely limited. Bernsteins work was not always praised. For instance, Labov (1974) argued that young blacks in the United States, although using language which certainly seems an example of the restricted code, save display a clear ability to argue logically.Their lack of knowledge concerning the subject may eliminate further than just the exams they have to take. For instance, due to the large amount of failing black Caribbeans and Bangladeshis (a combined total of 41% managed to get 5 A* C grades), teachers ma y be subconsciously prejudiced against ethnic minorities. This can lower the students attainments in many ways, one is that the teachers give the student lower grades. Another way is that the teacher negatively articulates a student of ethnic minority which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy.Racism can also lead to conflict between students and teachers, making learning a much harder task. Lastly, racism can lead to low-self esteem among ethnic minorities. A researcher who studies this was Howard Becker (1971). Becker Interviewed 60 lucre high school teachers. He found that they judged pupils according to how closely they fitted image of ideal pupil. Their get appearance influenced judgement. Middle class was closest to ideal, working class furthest away labelled as badly behaved. As a result you can see, if teachers labelled students on how they look, you can imagine how they would label a whole ethnic race.Another factor for ethnic differences in educational achievement is the ethnocentric curriculum. There are several reasons why ethnic minorities may struggle due to this curriculum. One is that the subjects often focus on British culture naturally White British students will have bad up with this culture, so they might have a greater understanding of the content than students who grew up in a different culture. Another reason is that the content of the curriculum could lower ethnic minorities self-esteem, this is because often the snow-covered character is seen as good and superior whilst the ethnic minorities are seen as not as donnish.However, it is crucial not to forget that every ethnic minority underachieves at this level. In fact, in the UK, Chinese and Indian pupils score better grades than the White ethnic race. One of the main reasons for this is the support of the parents. Research has shown that some parents of ethnic minority, such as Chinese and Indian, take more interest in their childs education, they also encourage their child mor e than other in other cultures. This obviously leads to higher achievement for the child.Not only the parents play a part. Some teachers may stereotype some ethnic minorities to be intelligent and hard-working. This encouragement and sort of support can aid a student in education their grades. To conclude, there are many sociological explanations for the ethnic differences in educational achievement, from language barriers to family life at home. However, it is important to remember not all ethnic minorities to underachieve. Rafi Kentafi Lindill 12P.

Bosnian Refugee Life in America Essay Example for Free

Bosnian Refugee Life in America EssayThousands of refugees from Bosnia-Herzegovina hit fled to the linked States to assay protection from the ethnoreligious conflicts of the region. To best assist these families, helper providers must understand their wartime and migration experiences and their culture. The purpose of this article is to review the lit relevant to working with Bosnian Muslim refugees as well as to understand the uruque issues facing this universe. The authors gratify in Bosnian Muslim refugees is a personal one.Between 1992 and 2001, nearly 3,500 Bosnian refugees escaping ethnic cleaning and war migrated to Bowling Green, a sm on the whole city of 50,000 in rural southcentral Kentucky. The Bowling Green external Center has been a part of the local community since 1979 and actively works with the United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (USCRI). For much than 25 years, the center has assisted thousands of refugees of legion(predicate) subject a reaities in their migration to the United States and the local community.According to the centers director, Marty Deputy, Bosnians make up the largest percentage of refugees that have relocated to Bowling Green (personal communication, February 3, 2005). Deputy besides indicated that while Bosnian refugees have adapted well to the local community, they still face many challenges because of their experiences in Bosnia in addition to their integrating into a refreshed culture. One of the issues that continue to haunt many Bosnian refugees is post-traumatic underscorea sequel of war and genocide.Post-traumatic stress is particularly an issue for the adult wo manpower, who experienced the trauma of rape and sexual aggress as well as witnessing the murder of their children and spouses. According to Deputy (personal communication, February 3, 2005), social workers should approach Bosnian families and children with heathenish competence. If visiting a Bosnian home, for example, rem oving ones shoes when entering is a display of respect and sensitivity. A willingness to tipsiness a upstanding cup of Bosnian coffee is excessively appreciated. Social workers also must be sensitive about body words and speech tone.It is also serious not to assume that all Bosnians are alike. As with all cultures, there is tremendous variation in the Bosnian culture, along with case-by-case differences in personality and environ intellectual experiences. Bosnian Muslim Experiences in the War The 1991 census for Bosnia-Herzegovina shows that Muslims made up 43. 7% of the total population of 4. 3 million people. Serbs accounted for 31. 3% and Croats 17. 3% (Bringa, 1995). Serbs identified the Muslims majority population base in Bosnia-Herzegovina as its strategic strength (Cigar, 1995).In 1992, therefore, the Serbs declared war and began a crowd of ethnic cleansing to eradicate non-Serbs. The term ethnic cleansing stands for the form _or_ system of government of ridding an are a of an undesirable depicted object group to create a homogenous region it represents a type of genocide that is designed to afford terror (Friedman, 1996 Weine Laub, 1995). Serbias initial rationale for its policy was promulgated by the belief that the newly formed accede of Bosnia-Herzegovina would create national minorities of the Serb population and eventually destroy the Serb populace as a discrete and unmatched nation (Friedman, 1996).The prospect of acquiring material goods from the Muslimsland, livestock, houses, cars, and cashapparently was an additional powerful incentive for many Serbs (Cigar, 1995 Sells, 1998). The original Bosnian Serb population was drawn into a terror campaign of killing and mayhem so the non-Serbian populations would n ever return. This persecution ultimately led to more than one million Balkan refugees migrating to the United States and other countries. The types of experiences they endured in their mother country before emigrating dramatical ly influenced their initial adaptation to these new environments. Resettlement and Adaptation IssuesAs difficult as the war-related experiences were, migration to resettlement countries signaled a transition to new types of struggles for Bosnian refugees. Unlike immigrants who consecrate their homes for a variety of reasons, refugees leave in order to survive, and they face a new objectivem of stressors as they attempt to rebuild their lives in exile (Keyes, 2000 Worthington, 2001). Such stressors include difficult transit experiences culture shock adjustment problems related to language and occupational change and disruption in their sense of self, family, and community (Lipson, 1993 Worthington, 2001).Additionally, refugees leaving Bosnia-Herzegovina very much have suffered denary losses, such as severance from family and friends who have been left behind or killed, displacement from their homes and communities, social isolation, and the ill-timed death of their children. Suc h an accumulation of loss arsehole leave a sense of unresolved wo that can significantly impact mental health and future functioning capacity (Akhtar, 1992 Fullilove, 1996 Sundquist Johansson, 1996 Worthington, 2001).When refugees cross national boundaries seeking asylum, they typically find themselves in an alien social environment with norms that challenge their traditional patterns of family inter execute (Mayadas Segal, 2000). Most Bosnian refugees have a hierarchical familial power structure and clear map definitions in the homeland, authority was typically gender-based, with males maintaining instrumental subprograms and females fulfilling nurturing responsibilities.A traditional Bosnian womans commitment to her family includes observing nonindulgent codes of privacy and public silence on any issue that might bring shame on the family, such as family discord. For many women, this privacy mandate deters them from divulging details about marital strife or child mal sermo n by spouses to outsiders such as work colleagues, community members, and mental health professionals. Consequently, Bosnian female refugees continue to be caught between traditional role models prevalent throughout the former Yugoslavias venerable society in the 20th Century and the expectations of their new culture.The Bosnian familys patriarchal patterns of behavior tend to be challenged on arrival in the United States, particularly around work-related issues. Women are more likely than men to find jobs in the low-wage labor market, and in becoming the breadwinners exposed to the outside world, they risk upsetting a family equilibrium based on male authority (Mayadas Segal, 2000). For Bosnian men, key ethnic and social limit point markers of their lives had evaporated because of their grief over this, many seemed paralyzed in their attempt to move forward in their new life.Bosnian refugee children also face immense acculturation pressures (Mayadas Segal, 2000). They often are torn between the beliefs, customs, and value learned in their native culture and the often unrealistic expectations of the new one. The pressure to assimilate the cultural norms of their new country can be terrible and extremely stressful. Their parents often lack the material re acknowledgments and place upright systems to competently assist them in navigating the complex terrain of foreign school systems, pervasive racism, and intolerance (Mayadas Segal, 2000).Consequently, many timbre as if they are alone in a foreign, sometimes unforgiving new cultural milieu. To besides complicate the situation, family roles often reverse as children typically become more fluent in English faster and adapt more quickly to the customs of the new country (Potocky, 1996). Because children are thrust into the role of serving as the interpreters and negotiators of cultural norms for their parents, respect for the authority of elders is often undermined (Carlin, 1990 Drachman 1992).Even thoug h most teenagers in the United States feel a certain amount of intergenerational tension, the adolescents of refugees often experience the pull of two immensely different worlds those of their American peers and their parents (Mayadas Segal, 2000). They also feel subjected to the xenophobia of their American peers, who often ridicule others who they label as different. in-migration to the United States has provided Bosnian Muslim refugee families with many challenges as they struggle to adapt to their new lives.At starting time glance, their experiences may be similar to that of other immigrants, raising the familiar questions about how to perpetuate the faith of their forebears among their takings or how to best preserve cherished cultural practices (Yazbeck- Haddad Esposito, 2000). But there are some real differences. With the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, DC, the potential for a xenophobic reception of Muslim immigrants an d refugees by Americans has intensified.For example, disputes over the building of mosques represent a key source of friction for most Westerners (Pipes Duran, 1993). era Bosnian Muslim families may encounter the same issues earlier generations of immigrants faced, they also are burdened with the question of whether their children will be accepted in the United States, and whether Islam can ever be recognized as a positive force that contributes to a pluralistic, multicultural nation (Yazbeck-Haddad Esposito, 2000). culturally Competent Practice with Bosnian MuslimsWhen working with Bosnian Muslim refugees, service providers need to learn as much as possible about their culture, particularly given the pivotal role that ethnoreligious identity has vie in their war-related experiences (Witmer Culver, 2001). Bosnian men and women tend to adhere to traditional gender roles connected with this issue is the intense stigma attached to the sexual violation of women. This stigma freque ntly led women to refrain from disclosing war rapes to their families (Witmer Culver, 2001).Bosnian Muslims typically act in ways that preserve the positive image of the familys identity, especially males, who see openly revealing vulnerability or suffering as a sign of great personal helplessness (Weine et al. , 1997). Family is the most important social structure across the urban and rural regions of Bosnia (Mojica-Castillo, 2001). Up until the 1970s, adult children ordinarily lived with their parents and multiple generations lived in the same house. But today, twoparent families predominate in this region with extended family members often life history nearby.A cluster of shoes can typically be found outside a Bosnian home (Mojica-Castillo, 2001). This is because it is customary to remove street shoes and leave them at the door. Bosnians maintain a strong social tradition of neighborliness. The drinking of strong coffee or the sharing of food, accompanied by the of the essen ce(p) element of lively conversation, is an important aspect of social life. Traditional music and folk dances are an important part of cultural celebrations.A basic principle of generalist social work is that practitioners need to be able to intervene on behalf of various systems, including individuals, families, orgaruzations, and communities. Additionally, the generalist social worker operates within an ecological model that attempts to improve coping patterns for a better match between the client systems needs and the characteristics of his or her environment. An authority approach to generalist practice assumes that clients can draw from existing competencies and reservoirs of strength.Empowerment indicates the intent and the processes of assisting client systems to snatch and expand the tools and resources around them (Furuto, 2004). Swift and Levin (1987) referred to potency as an evolution from dependence to independence and interdependence. Gutierrez (1990) described emp owerment as the process of increasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so that individuals can take action to improve their life situations (p. 140). The strengths perspective enhances the concept of empowerment with its focus on promoting healing.Healing implies both oneness and the inborn ability of the mind and body to resist and regenerate when faced with disruption, disorder, or disease (Furuto, 2004). heathen and religious identity may lead to discrimination when the refugee is seeking a job that requires interpolation on a more personal level. Long-term difficulty in finding a job that provides the family with adequate income may cause low self-esteem and family tension culminating in violence (Furuto Murase, 1992). Various system levels often must be addressed simultaneously (Mayadas Segal, 2000).Western thinking on designing comprehensive mental health services is mostly based on the individual as the primary system targeted for intervention hence, existing services tend to be designed for a North American population (Mooren Kleber, 1999). Furthermore, treatment of mental health disorders typically follows a medical model using talk therapy and drugs. Western theories also emphasize intrapersonal processes in isolation from the cultural context. The prevailing view that the responses to trauma are individual have-to doe with is in keeping with this tradition.Service providers must use the refugees own, indigenous cultural definitions of health and illness when do mental health assessments (Boothby, 1996 Wing Sue, Ivey, Pedersen, 1996). For example, a Bosnian client who had the Western diag nosis of major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder refused medication saying that there was nothing wrong with him that medications could fix, and insisted that the clinician understand that his current condition was a result of the wrongs that had been done to him, and not because of anything that was wrong with him (Weine Laub, 1995, p. 255).To address the issue of respecting the clients definition of the issue, Yuen (1999) promoted a more holistic biopsychosocial model of intervention when working with Bosnian children and their families hence, the importance of using an ethnically sensitive ecological modeling becomes a second principle of culturally competent practice. A third principle is to respect the indigenous strengths and resources within Bosnians that empower them to cope with their own experiences.Chow Yuen (2000) noted the necessity for an empowerment and capacity building model where refugees become partners in the design and elivery of services within their community. Efforts to design and deliver human service programs should include using indigenous Bosnian religious and cultural organizations, as well as self-help groups (Chow Yuen, 2000). closing curtain After Bosnians flee their homeland, they need protection in the asylum country. This necessitates supportive policies and macrolevel int ervention competence. The main policy that guides refugee resettlement in the United States is Public Law 96-212, the Refugee Act of 1980 (Mayadas Segal, 2000).Based on the goal of component refugees achieve economic self-sufficiency as quickly as possible, the act defines self-sufficiency as not receiving welfare benefits (Potocky, 1996). As such, this policy may be ineffective in helping refugees to settle in an optimal manner. To become truly self-sufficient, service providers need to redefine success in more forward ways, such as helping refugees to effectively deal with resettlement issues relating to acculturation, psychological trauma, and intergenerational conflictall of which can impede long-term economic self-sufficiency.This new goal requires adequate fiscal resources to develop programs and engage in active community outreach (Mayadas Segal, 2000). Social services must aspire to restore the psychological health and gravitas of these families and children, who have s een the worst side of human nature. Helping them establish a positive self-image is critical to their success. While the genocide of family members and violent acts can never be forgotten, surrounding Bosnian Muslim refugees with a web of positive, supportive services can help them establish a solid foothold in the United States.

The Color of Water Essay Example for Free

The Color of piss EssayThe Color of Water by throng McBride was a story roughly a two-year-old boy trying to intention out his racial individualism exactly his puzzle would not talk near her past or what hurry she was. All mob knew was that she was white living in a black power locality and that fact terrified him. He thought that to grow up he had to go his racial identity but through all the trouble and hard times he went through he well-educated that his ply did not matter. It was his education that was the most important.Ruth attitude about her race effected jam through his childhood and as a young adult, she negatively affect his racial development, and Ruth lastly clears up his questions that he has been dying to get answers from. Ruth McBrides attitude toward her own race affected her son, James McBride, as both a child and as a young adult. Ruth chiefly looked down on her race because of her father. All he care about was money and the store, he did not c are about his own wife or family. He also molested Ruth when she was a young girl.When James was a young boy he always questioned her about race. He wanted to know if he was black or white and he also asked what color saviour was. James set about would not completely answer his question. She responded saying that James was a hu existence and education was all that mattered, and that Jesus was the color of water. As a kid, James knew that his mother was white, and that terrified him. He knew that a white bird living in a black neighborhood, also with black kids, was living in danger.James sincerely realized his mothers danger when Ruth and James were walking home and a man came up and stole Ruths purse. James figured out how strong and brave or crazy his mother was when she did not fight the theft back and all she told James was that it was just a purse and it did not matter. When James grew up, he thought that Ruth was going crazy, and he didnt obedience her like he did in the past. If James would have known about his mothers past, it wouldnt have change much. He might have been more apologetic for her but that would be about it.Ruths impact on Jamess racial development is negative, but she had favourable intentions. James never knows what his racial background is and that bothers him throughout his life. If he would have known what his mothers background was maybe then he would understand himself in his eyes, but it does not take your race to figure out yourself, it takes learning who you are on the inside. Ruth was trying to make it a confident(p) impact on his racial development. Ruth knew that race did not matter, it was about what was on the inside of the person, but James did not understand that concept.Race never concerned him by saying he was not going to associate himself with a person because of their background but he want to know about their race, and Ruth had no cares about their race, which is a better way to go at it. Ruth offers James co nfusion as he grapples with his racial identity as a younger boy, but she offers him pellucidity as a young adult. When James was young, Ruth would answer any of her questions and that bothered him but he knew not to push her to her limit or he would get the belt. He does not know what half of his race is, he know he was black from his father but knew nothing about his mothers race.Ruth was not ashamed to be a Jew, but she did not support Judaism because of her father, Tateh. She was not hiding the fact that she was a Jew from James but she did not want to think about everything that she ran past from when she left Suffolk, Virginia and her family, more importantly her mother, Hudis Shilksy. When James turns into the young adult he finds out that knowing your race does not help you in life like a good education does. Even though he has learned this Ruth starts to explain his questions about race to him. In the story The Color of Water, James has unanswered questions as a child.At the end of the book James learns about Ruths race and he finds out his racial identity. James also finds out Gods color, He is the color of water and water is neither, black or white. Ruth had harmful memories when she was a Jew because of her father and when he might her first husband, Dennis, she changed her faith and found happiness. Ruths race affected Ruth which later(prenominal) on affected her son James negatively. Her angry about her past led to Jamess confusion about his own racial identity, but later on got all his questions answered.

Agora Company Essay Example for Free

public squ be Company EssayBangladesh entered the supermarket era on August 24, 2001 with Rahim afrooz tops(predicate)stores Ltd. ingress agora, a retail chain superstore in Bangladesh, introducing a new way to shop. The company has already open up four outlets Rifles Square, Gulshan Avenue, Maghbazar and Mirpur Zoo Road in Dhaka and many more are in expatiatement in Chittagong and former(a) cities of the country. The superstores are open from 9 am to 8 pm e truly day. cause of customers is experienced in the morning and evening. Most of the employees of Agora are young and well-educated, some with Masters and MBA degrees. Agora superstores are currently focused in food retailing, ranging from a wide variety of fresh vegetable, fruits, fondness and fish to grocery, bakery, dairy, personal and standhold products. Agora provides its customers with guaranteed quality and freshness. It carries more than 30,000 varieties of products and has plans to expand its product portf olio to carry other ranges of consumer products in the coming stratums.It aims at building a chain of more than 40 superstores by year 2010.Other supermarket brands establish since emerged but Agora continues to be the leader and trendsetter. Agora has been the venue of seting of Thai products, which harbour by now become commonplace. Californian apples were launched here as have been Agora buys products direct from the growers, which benefits the latter(prenominal) as well as the customers. The products are procured under the direct supervision of its officials who maintain strict procurement and marketing standards. Products on the shelves are regularly monitored for expiry dates. Australias red apples, and crystal products from France were unveiled here. Unilever chose to launch LOreal range of cosmetics at Agora superstores. The big-sized Boroi so common in the market was launched here. Recently the scientist shadower the cultivation of Strawberry in Bangladesh launched th e delicious fruit at Agora.Over 8 million have purchased products at Agora since the opening of Agoras fist superstore, with 2,000 customers using the Agoras every day on an average. Rifles Square and Gulshans upper markets pull more crowd than the other two. Customers prefer using both cash and credit cards. Agora constantly launches attractive promotions like Bazimat, Value Week or Super Value Offer or Diamond Ring Offer. The promoter of the Agora regorge, Rahim afrooz, is one of the most respect companies in Bangladesh manufacturing and marketing stored power systems for the automotive industry. All of Rahimafroozs activities are in the service sector, centering on consumers, an official of Agoras operating company Rahim afrooz Superstores Ltd., said. The Agora project was a ground-breaking project that underlines the likely for harnessing the latent market in Bangladesh, said an executive of a leading corporate house adding, they have produced a service offering of internatio nal standardAgora is the largest retail superstore in Bangladesh.Agoras interior is similar to most supermarkets in design and layout due to trends in marketing. It produce tends to be near the entrance of the store. Various kinds of products and services are sold (at least 2500 products and services). Milk, bread, and other essential items are located in the rear and other out of the way places. This is purposely done to ensure maximal time spent in the store, strolling past other items and capitalizing on impulse buying. The front of the store or Front-End is where one might find point of sale machines or cash registers.Agora has plans to implement self-checkout devices in their stores in an attempt to reduce labor costs as well as bringing jazz customer satisfaction. Understanding the historical context from which some of todays organizational structures have developed helps to explain why some structures is the way they are but Agora using a structured which is more horizontal ly capitalizing on the innovativeness of their employees. Part of the reason, as this section discusses, is that organizational structure of Agora that has a certain inaction the idea borrowedfrom physics and chemistry that something in motion tends to continue on that same path.Because of this unique commission process they have become the leading superstore in theBangladesh.The managers of Agora have to make decisions as they develop an organizational structure,although they may not be explicitly aware of these decisions. Agora is synonymous with marketat low prices and elevate brand quality products. The company basis of success and foundationscannot be credited to the current management. Agora formulation for success simply put is theirrelationship with customers, employees, and technology that assists in forming relationships withtheir suppliers places Agora as the top discount retailer, history-development, and branch SamAgora to become the top discount retailerCompetitiv e Advantage of AgoraAgora marks a turning point in the concept of retailing in Bangladesh. From the very beginning of its operation since 2001, the super-market chain store has put the convenience of its target consumers the middle and higher middle class, foremost in devising its marketing strategies. Agora attempts to maintain an image and atmosphere that is consistent with its pledge for quality and customer satisfaction. The stores refer very large premises at expensive areas of the city and offer a wide mix of food stuffs, daily house hold items and durables that would mostly appeal to its target population, Unlike, many much(prenominal) large stores, Agora tries to remain ahead of its competitors by sponsoring innovation of local innovations.Agora advertises through newspapers and billboards a very selective approach as it does not target the mass but mostly those alive in close proximity to the store. The logo Agora- in English-points to the importance of the image facto r, which is important to their promotional strategy adequate car parking space for congestion free shopping Air-conditioning and childs play area and other amenities, are provided to increase the comfort of shopping. Although Agora is at a very early stage in its life, the management is at present following a very on the lookout marketing strategy. The overall 10% annual sales growth offer a reflection to the potential of Agora to attain its long term objectives of becoming the market leader in the retail industry. conterminous future sustainability of the competitive advantageAgora is currently charging maximum retail price that is given to it by its suppliers. The prices are congruent with that of the rest of the market. However, the management has plans to offer prices lower than the ones offered by the competitors in the market.

Human Behavior & society Essay Example for Free

Human Behavior golf club EssayOne good note in favor of natural determination of homophile port is through an experiment done with science laboratory rats. In this case, a castrated male rat (with no testosterone) is placed with a female lab rat that has been injected with testosterone. In this case, the female acts dominant while the male is submissive. This to an extent proves that natural factors e. g. hormones play an classical role in human behavior.Besides this, the moodiness experienced by humans undergoing puberty, as well as pre-menstrual syndrome, in which human behavior fluctuates, shows that natural factors do play a role in determine human behavior. On the other hand, the lab rat experiment is questionable, mainly because the biology of rats is significantly different from humans, and secondly, because humans themselves consume testosterone without such drastic swings in behavior.This suggests that what is currently seen as hormone-triggered changes in huma n behavior could have social undercurrents. Human behavior itself is a highly complex topic. In some instances, as seen with hormones and also geneticalally inherited diseases, it is completely due to natural circumstances and events. In other instances, authorized types of human behavior is caused by social conditioning and socialization e. g. compliance with the law and the observance of norms and values.In some unusual cases, it is determined by nature and society, working hand-in-hand, or sometimes one after(prenominal) the other to cause a change in such behavior. To judge this issue in call of absolutes would be unjustified. Exactly in what way human behavior is developed depends on both society and on nature- and in many cases either society or nature is more dominant. However, it is clear that human behavior overall is shaped by a blend of both natural and social factors and issues, from genetic inheritance to socio-economic class.

Boston Strangler killings Essay Example for Free

Boston Strangler killings Essay betwixt 1962 and 1964, thirteen women were sexually assaulted and murdered in the city of Boston. This series of murders was called the Boston Strangler murders. Though roughly of the victims were older women, a few were in their early twenties, and one young woman was in her fresh teens. All of the victims were strangled, usually with a personal item the woman owned, such as tights or stockings. The Boston Strangler would gain access to his victims by posing as an official needing to perform a service in the womens homes. In 1964, Albert de Salvo confessed to having committed the crimes (Chitolie, 1997).Because the Boston Strangler killings involved a repetitive pattern, which always involved specific styles, genial keep an eye oning theory is most useful in explaining this case. According to social learning theory, an individual learns by observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others (Kearsley, 2007). Pe ople learn societal norms and appropriate, healthy behaviors by modeling others. After one becomes aware of a behavior by observing it, he will usually apply the behavior in future situations, reflecting upon past outcomes that occurred when the behavior was originally sight.The Boston Strangler observed the reactions of his earlier victims and based his approach to future murders on the outcomes of his precedent crimes. For example, he knew that by dressing as a serviceman, de Salvos victims would respond by trust de Salvo and allowing him to enter their houses. Consequently, de Salvo used this tactic repeatedly. A more general example of how intentional behaviors may influence future practices is evident in the treatment of animals. Many children go through a stage in which they innocently harm insects or small animals (i.e. by trapping them and keeping them in jars, etc. ). In most cases, a parent or other adult intervenes, and the child learns to admiration animals. As a res ult, the child does not puzzle a desire to cause the animal pain. there are some cases, however, in which the child never learns empathy for animals and the pattern of torture intensifies. Based on anterior experiences (i. e. causing pain in animals as a form of enjoyment, and not having an adult stop the behavior), a child may continue the undesirable practice.Sometimes, the childs violent tendencies toward livelihood things may come forward so much that it is later transferred to human beings when the child becomes an adult. As a child, Albert de Salvo trapped cats and dogs and triggerman them with arrows. It may be argued that de Salvo never learned appropriate behavior in dealing with living things, and as a result, de Salvos practice of trapping animals, rendering them helpless, and killing them progressed to trapping and excruciating the women he murdered during his adulthood.The childhood practice of continued animal cruelty can be observed among a number of other infam ous serial killers as well (Finch, 1992). In the context of social learning theory, the Boston Stranglers killings perhaps occurred because the individual who committed these crimes lacked proper role models to get wind him the rules and norms of society. It appears that this individual was never effectively discouraged from harming living organisms, and it is even possible that he may have witnessed violent acts (perhaps the violent acts of men against women) during his early years of development.Nevertheless, when examining the killings, from the general events that took place to the minor details, there appears to be an obvious pattern of repetitive learned violent behavior. Bibliography Chitolie, Raymond. Serial KillersCase Files The Boston Strangler. 1997. Retrieved March 16, 2007, from http//hosted. ray. easynet. co. uk/serial_killers/boston. hypertext mark-up language Finch, Patty A. Abuse. 1992. Retrieved March 16, 2007, from http//www. vospca. org/archive/abuse. html Kear sley, Gregg. Theories. 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2007, from http//tip. psychology. org/bandura. html

Word Mapping and Language Development Essay Example for Free

Word st get on with and Langu progress Development EssayThis base aims to discuss intelligence information occasion cognitive branches during the kidskin development, explore the concepts of profuse and Slow affair, discuss the application and encyclopaedism of pronounce standstills and comments in the setting of expression affair, and conclude by demonstrating that the process of gain finished which nestlingrens meanings of manner of speaking wrick to include vapid semantic dealing between linguistic process requires ho-hum affair. ? Fast MappingFor a child being inundated with forward-looking diction from moment to moment, clues to whatever iodin finicky oral communication meaning may be few and far between, yet somehow a child manages to take these express mail exposures to untested intelligence informations, derive meaning from them, and maintain images of them for upcoming aim. Carey and Bartlett (1978) imbibe termed this spry proces s of thinkring relatively improve and ace initial meanings of novel intelligence services given a limited payoff of exposures to the delivery solid mapping (Behrend, Scofield, Kleinknecht, 2001).It is widely fancied that children must(prenominal) possess an innate machine of specialized constraints specialised to pronounce learning to account for their precocious abilities to generalise novel word meanings (Deak Wagner, 2003, p. 318), and close mapping is the label applied to this system (Behrend et al. , 2001). Fast mapping was source demonstrated in an investigate d one(a) by Carey and Bartlett (1978), in which 14 children, ages threesome to four years old, were initially presented with a novel coloration word in a neutral context without premier off being explicitly taught its meaning, and later tested on their cogniseledge of the new term.All of the children had begun mapping color words to fit colors, and 13 of the 14 children were adequate to(p) to co mprehend and generate siseer to eleven forms for corresponding colors. The children were wherefore familiar with the property and concept of color, which holded the queryers to see how learning a new color would restructure the childs vivacious lexical and conceptual color domains (Carey, 1978, p. 271).Prior to the introduction of the children to the novel color word, each child standard a ware test in which he was asked to name the color of each of a number of different colored chips including an chromatic colored one. Most children nameed the olive color third estate, darn former(a)s called it brown, hardly none of the children referred to the olive chip as olive. Carey and Bartlett (1978) chose to introduce the children to the novel color olive (a color the children were strange with), but kind of of referring to it as olive (a word that some children might be familiar with) they chose to call the olive color atomic number 24.The researchers painted one cup and on e tray in the childrens nursery school classroom olive, while an identical cup remained red, and an identical tray remained blue. The researchers asked the childrens instructor to introduce the new color word by the piece to each child in a normal everyday context, such as preparing for snack time. The teacher avoided explicitly presenting the new color word each by asking the child to Bring me the atomic number 24 tray, not the blue one, the chromium one, or to Bring me the chromium cup, not the red one, the chromium one (Carey, 1978, p.271). The phrase not the blue/red one departd enough information for the child to bring the neutralize tray or cup. As a number, the child was tacitly provided with lexical, syntactic, and contextual cues adequate to the full mapping (Carey, 1978, p. 272) of chromium, while not being forced to rely on the new color word to provide any additional information necessary for the completion of the task. All except one of the children chose the e ven tray/cup upon first exposure to the new word.And even though they did not need to rely on the new word to make the correct choice, the majority of the children attended to the fact that they had just heard a new word, and either repeated it aloud or sought approval for the selection they had just made. One week later the children took part in a second instruction task in which a assemblage of six different colors (including olive) was presented to each child, and the children were each asked to map these different colors to their particular(prenominal) corresponding color words (including chromium).This task had been designed to serve as a comprehension task in find whether or not the children had learned to correctly map the color name chromium to the olive color. However, since olive was the only color for which the children had not previously demonstrated having a name, and since a control group (with no previous exposure to the olive/chromium mapping) performed the task at the same level as the data-based group, the researchers determined that the task was not truly a comprehension task, but rather another belief task.The children therefore set outd two teaching tasks former to being tested. Five weeks by and by the second teaching task, the children were given a second production test just ilk the one they received prior to the introducing event. However, un bid the first production test, in which the majority of the children called the olive colored chip either green or brown, eight of the fourteen children now either said that they did not know what color name to use to refer to the chip or began referring to the olive chip using one of the color name that they knew but had not mapped stably to any one particular color.Fast mapping is evident in that afterward only two brief exposures to the chromium color word/olive color pairing, the child had learned and retained for over a month that olive is not called green in search his lexicon fo r a name to call it, he be another color word with no invariable referent which was much than highly entrancewayible than the new word chromium. Thus for these eight children at least, the process of restructuring the conceptual and lexical domains had already begun (Carey, 1978, p.273). The children had demonstrated their power to infer meaning (as to which color the word chromium referred to) by relying solely on the situation and the context in which they encountered the word. In the previous example the childrens retention would be limited- although not inhibited entirely- if exposed to a majuscule variety of colors that had neer been introduced to them before. This assertion illustrates the importance of scope to proper establishment of the context.Studies have found that as the factors increase in number or property, subjects of all ages are to a greater extent likely to disorient and mystify ambiguous definitions (Patson, 2010). Precise, mutually exclusive terms are the most conducive to a clear and have it off appreciation of a word. A count examined the potentiality of mutual exclusivity by first asking if the part pointed to was the trachea and and then further challenging the student by requiring them to specify whether the whole area or one specific part was the trachea. When the subject area is previously known it is normal for children to prefer an inclusive definition, i.e. accepting craniofacial instead of accepting cranial and facial as two, separate, specific, mutually-exclusive terminologies (Hansen, 2009). The correction of such errors is atypical to degraded mapping, where the concept is exclusively understood. Fast mapping provides a seemingly quick and efficient way for children to initially acquire correct partial meanings that are specific to the contexts in which new words are heard. However, acquiring a end up definition for any one word generally requires the integration of a number of partial mappings derived from specific encounters with the word in everyday life.Fast mapping is merely the beginning of a longer more gradual elaboration and reorganization process called slow mapping that results in a more complete definition (Carey, 1978 Johnson Anglin, 1995 McGregor, Friedman, Reilly, Newman, 2002). Slow Mapping Slow mapping is a prolonged period during which the child must hold a fragile new representation in lexical memory board, distinguish it from many other fragile representations, continue to hypothesize about the meaning of the word, and update the representation as a result of those hypotheses (McGregor et al, 2002, p. 332).The partial meanings of words acquired during troubled mapping are retained in memory while meanings derived from new encounters with words provide additional information and allow connections both between and within new and actual knowledge to be created, eliminated, and reworked. Slow mapping is the term applied to this process in which information provid ed by means of both old and new encounters with words is slowly integrated and evolves into increasingly surgical and complete definitions. Whereas fast mapping has been experimentally captured (e. g. Carey Bartlett, 1978), and shown to be replicable (Deak Wagner, 2003, p.318), the protracted timeline and more elusive nature of slow mapping have made it difficult to pinpoint, study, and understand the process. It appears that much speculation surrounds the true nature of slow mapping. Johnson and Anglin (1995) comment this elaboration process is not yet well understood, but it appears that children somehow develop additional meaning dealings among the new word and others within the same semantic field and increasingly incorporate contextual restrictions, distributional properties, and syntactic privileges of overtakerence (p. 614).Carey (1978) admits, I have gone much further than available data authorize (p. 292) in summarizing her hypothesis on the nature of slow mapping fo llowing a description of her fast mapping study. Deak and Wagner (2003) attempted to access the process of slow mapping in the learning of categorical semantic relations between words by introducing children aged four to seven years old to be words with invented meanings and semantic relationships to one another (introduced as an alien language) and later testing their comprehension and production of these new words. electric razorren were taught basic categorical semantic relations of exclusion (no overlap between word referents), inclusion (referents of one label are a subset of the referents of another label), and overlap (the sets of referents of two labels intersect) during two separate shimmer sessions in which each of four labels for newly contrived categories were presented (along with defining information) a minimum of twenty times. The semantic relations were either explicitly expressed or unverbalisedly derived by the children during the play sessions.The older childr en of the group (six- and seven-year-olds) were able to learn more semantic relations and word definitions than the younger children (four- and five-year-olds), and exclusion was the categorical semantic relation most readily learned in both age groups. The principle finding of the study was that although all of the children were able to learn new categorical semantic relations between words as well whether the relations were explicitly stated or implicitly derived, the children were not able to fast map these categorical semantic relations as they were able to do with basic word meanings.Whereas children were able to infer relatively correct meanings of the novel words almost immediately, for example, they could correctly point out exemplars, they were unable to fast map categorical semantic relations even when these relations were explicitly stated. Deak and Wagner (2003) conclude, when word learning is mensurable at a surface level, children show a grasp of new words, but this g rasp is weak. It is flimsy to include knowledge of meaning relations, or incorporation into a differentiated semantic network, even after many unambiguous exposures to the new words (p.323). Thus, it appears that fast mapping describes childrens ability to quickly associate words to referents, but does not capture the process of elaboration through which childrens meanings of words erect to include categorical semantic relations between words. Slow mapping is the route through which the incomplete initial word meanings obtained through fast mapping expand to include more information about the meanings of words including semantic relations between words.Penno, Wilkinson, and Moore (2002) have also attempted to access the process of slow mapping, albeit using a different procedure, by presenting children aged five to eight years old with new words through the context of storybook reading. Children were read a storybook once a week for three consecutive weeks in olive-sized groups, and were given a multiple-choice vocabulary test both prior to the first reading and after the last reading.The multiple-choice vocabulary test included 15 words present in the storybook that were assumed to be unidentified to the children. In addition, following each reading of the storybook, the children were asked to complete a retelling task in which they retold the story they had just heard to the best of their ability to the researcher. After the entire process had been completed for the first storybook, children were read a second storybook following the same procedure.The children received an commentary for each of the fifteen new words (every time one of the words was encountered) during every reading of one of the two storybooks. For the remaining storybook, no explanation was supplied for unknown words. The main objective of this study was to examine the effects of repeated exposure to a story and the additive effects of explanation of the meaning of target words on stu dents vocabulary (Penno et al. , 2002, p. 23).both repeated exposure and explanation of meaning were indeed significant contributors to vocabulary growth. The process of slow mapping was displayed through the linear improvement in the accuracy of use of the target words across the three retellings of the stories (Penno et al. , 2002, p. 31). After being read a storybook for the first time, the children were able to retell the story in a manner that demonstrated their fast mapping ability in that they were able to provide some interpretation of a basic understanding of the new words meanings.However, the second and third readings and retellings of a storybook revealed the slow mapping process, as the children used the new words with ever increasing accuracy through each sequent storybook retelling. Accuracy and depth of word knowledge was heedful incrementally through a coding system containing six categories ranging from category zero (indicating no knowledge or use of the target word) to category five (indicating generalised knowledge of the target word) (Penno et al. , 2002, p. 26).For example, the coding system might determine a childs accuracy and depth of word knowledge as progressing from category two (Developing knowledge the target word is used, but inappropriately) at the first storybook retelling, to category three (Synonym a synonymous phrase or word is used for the target word) at the second storybook, up to category four (Accurate knowledge the target word is used accurately and more frequently than a synonym) by the third storybook retelling (Penno et al. , 2002, p. 26).Children also benefited from receiving explanations for unknown words, displaying greater gains in vocabulary when provided with explanations than when not, suggesting that the explanation may have provided useful experience with the meaning of the unknown words. One of the challenges of word mapping research area is finding word knowledge assessment methods that go beyond meas ures of childrens ability to identify the correct referent of a word or to use a word in an appropriate context. In 2009 the effect of the cultural, linguistic differences between mainstream side and African American English was measured.An equal number of African American English speakers and mainstream (mostly Caucasian, Hispanic, and African American) respondents were given a series of syntactical questions. This result was that native speakers of English who were African American were predisposed to have more difficulty with the grammatical structure of formal English (Johnson, 2009). In addition to the methods described in the previous three studies, childrens word definitions may serve as a source of information on the process of mapping (Hughes, Woodcock, Funnell, 2005 Johnson Anglin, 1995 McGregor et al, 2002).Childrens word definitions have also been found to vary with age. These changes may reflect, in part, increased understanding of the words meanings. another(prenom inal) source of information on word mapping may be childrens word tie-ins. Word Definitions Word learning, commencing at close to age of one year, progresses at the rate of approximately ten new words every day (Bloom, 2000), or about one per every waking hour (Carey, 1978). Werner and Kaplan (1950) describe the acquisition of the meanings of words as occurring in two ways.One way a child learns a word is by explicit refer either verbal or objective (p. 3), in which a word is verbally defined or an object is directly named for the child. The second way a child learns a word is through implicit or contextual reference (p. 3), in which a word is inferred from the context of a conversation. Up until around two years of age, a child may learn a great many words through explicit reference, as adults will often repeat viridity phrases and call of objects and provide definitions for unknown words in an effort to teach a child new vocabulary (Carey, 1978 Werner Kaplan, 1950).However, as children grow older, they receive this vocabulary coaching less and less and they must rely primarily on implicit or contextual reference to acquire the majority of vocabulary. Children learn the majority of their words from hearing how others use them in day-to-day life. In doing so, they must rely solely on the linguistic context in which the word occurs and the situation in which it is used (Carey, 1978, p. 265) to derive meaning for new words.Researchers severalize the ability to produce quality word definitions as a metalinguistic skill (Watson, 1985), as someones must not only meet their knowledge of the to-be-defined word and determine what characteristics should be included in the definition but they should also know how to organize information into conventional definitional form (Skwarchuk Anglin, 1997, p. 298). An individuals mastery of the form and content of word definitions is imperative in producing quality definitions (Watson, 1985), and there are a number of w ell-established trends concerning the development of both.The definitions provided by young (roughly preschool) children tend to be comprised primarily of functional information, e. g. a knife is to cut with (Litowitz, 1977), but they also include (to a lesser degree) perceptual features, e. g. a kitten is furry (Hughes et al. , 2005). Young childrens definitions also tend to include information that is psycheally relevant, such as I have a friendly rabbit named Hoppy (Watson, 1985) and are often concrete, simple, and context bound (Skwarchuk Anglin, 1997).As a child grows older, a transition occurs in the content included in a definition, suggesting a conceptual shift from the individually experienced to the socially shared (Litowitz, 1977, p. 289), and definitions become more abstract, complex, and precise in nature (Skwarchuk Anglin, 1997). However, the accurate acquisition of a definition is dependent on the individual skills of the child and of the clarity of the context in which the new conceptual definition is presented (Nicoladis, 2010). Namely, the listener must recognize the probable intention of the statement through the interpretation of nonverbal cues.This is done through the rapid analytic thinking of the word usage, the verbal tone, the context, and the previous experiences of the listener (de Ruiter, 2010). A childs inferential attributions to a word are also built upon their personal skills. In the pass Ann task, the children are asked to conceptualize the thoughts of others and are measured by their success at that task, their ability to concede that the others thoughts are not inescapably correct, and to form a hypothetical, mental frame of context through which to examine the probable thoughts and actions which inform that persons decisions (Jary, 2010).The ability to successful integrate the representational speculation of mind tested by the Sally Ann task has been proven to aid in the conceptualization of both grammatical structur e and definition (Jary, 2010). twain form and content develop and change over time, but these changes do not necessarily occur simultaneously, and children are generally able to express semantic content more successfully than they are able to use correct Aristotelian definitional form (Johnson Anglin, 1995).Since form and content of childrens definitions change as their knowledge of and experience with words increases it seems logical that studying the elaboration and refinement of word definitions in children over time would allow us to better understand the process of slow mapping (McGregor, 2002). The interpretations of the ambiguities of language, such as the use of the limited that for an infinite pool of possible contexts, are key contributors to the accuracy of slow mapping in the inferred or abstract definition of words (Jary, 2010).In a study designed to capture the slow mapping process of word meaning development, McGregor et al. (2002) offer some evidence that children s definitions may indeed provide an accurate representation of the semantic knowledge possessed by a child. McGregor et al. have shown that a childs abilities to provide a name for and draw a picture of each of a series of objects correspond reliably with one another and are also consistent with a childs ability to provide definitions for those objects.The study suggests that the three tasks (naming, drawing, and defining) access a common semantic representation and therefore validates the use of the defining task in providing a window into the slow mapping of word meaning. Word Associations Childrens word associations also change as word knowledge changes over time. Consequently, studying childrens word associations may provide an additional opportunity to capture the slow mapping process of word meaning development. Petrey (1977) draws attention to the development of word associations as shifting from episodic (or schematic) to semantic (or taxonomic) as childrens word knowledge grows.She comments, Whereas adults responses are grouped primarily by semantic memory of words internal content, childrens responses display mainly episodic memories of external context (p. 69). For example, if the stimulus word were rabbit, a child is likely to provide an episodic response like carrot, and an adult is more likely to provide a semantic response like squirrel. Petreys research suggested that the shift from episodic to semantic association responses occurs by around third grade.Researchers have also attempted to explain changing word associations as reflecting a syntagmatic-paradigmatic shift. Syntagmatic refers to words being syntactically related, that is, likely to occur together in the same sentence, like a verb response to a noun, whereas paradigmatic refers to words being in the same syntactic class, like a noun response to a noun (Nelson, 1977). This description has proven to be less well supported than the episodic-semantic (or schematic-taxonomic) shift. Ano ther explanation refers to the cultural influences of the childs caretaker(s).Because as the child ages there is less need and ability to define the abstract concepts, there is an increased reliance on word attribution (de Ruiter, 2010). Bilingual children favor the grammatical structure and the customary usage of their stronger language (Nicoladis, 2010). In Blewitt and Toppinos study, superordinate responses in the word association task became increasingly frequent with age (as is the case in word definition tasks), suggesting that the word association task may indeed be a useful tool to implement in future work aimed at capturing the slow-mapping process.The increasing use of superordinate terms provided both in the word definition task and the word association task suggest that the two tasks may be measuring the common underlying process of elaboration and completion of word meaning over time that is slow mapping. unofficial Conventional estimates suggest that by age 17 the voc abulary of an average English-speaking individual comprises more than 60,000 words (Bloom, 2000).In order for this monumental task to be achieved, word learning, commencing at around age of one year, must progress at the rate of approximately ten new words every day (Bloom, 2000), or about one per every waking hour (Carey, 1978). Werner and Kaplan (1950) describe the acquisition of the meanings of words as occurring in two ways. One way a child learns a word is by explicit reference either verbal or objective (p. 3), in which a word is verbally defined or an object is directly named for the child.The second way a child learns a word is through implicit or contextual reference (p.3), in which a word is inferred from the context of a conversation. Up until around two years of age, a child may learn a great many words through explicit reference, as adults will often repeat common phrases and names of objects and provide definitions for unknown words in an effort to teach a child new vo cabulary (Carey, 1978 Werner Kaplan, 1950). These two methods for accessing developmental change in childrens word knowledge have both been found to change with increasing age and understanding of words, and appear to provide access to slow mapping in children.In general, knowledge about familiar words is slowly acquired. Children both increase their understanding of the semantic relations among words, and learn about the details of the objects labeled by the words. Children are unable to fast map categorical semantic relations even when these relations were explicitly stated. Conclusively, the process of elaboration through which childrens meanings of words grow to include categorical semantic relations between words requires slow mapping. The ability children possess to infer initial meanings for novel words given a limited number of exposures to the words fast mapping. Fast mapping provides a seemingly quick and efficient way for children to acquire initial meanings of novel wor ds, but the meanings children gain through fast mapping are often incomplete, especially requiring a longer more gradual elaboration and reorganization process called slow mapping in order to become complete definitions. Slow mapping allows the connections both between and within new and existing knowledge to be created, eliminated, and reworked, as increasingly complete and accurate definitions evolve.Slow mapping, a much slower and more elusive process than fast mapping, has not been experimentally captured, and much speculation continues to surround its true nature. Attempts to access slow mapping by researchers have provided some insight into the nature of that process. However, research studies have not accessed childrens word understanding beyond an initial, superficial level. References Behrend, D. A. , Scofield, J. , Kleinknecht, E. E. (2001). Beyond fast mapping Young childrens extensions of novel words and novel facts. developmental Psychology, 37, 698-705.Blewitt, P. , T oppino, T. C. (1991). The development of taxonomic structure in lexical memory. ledger of Experimental Child Psychology, 51, 296-319. Bloom, P. (2000). How children learn the meanings of words. Cambridge, MA MIT Press. Carey, S. Bartlett, E. (1978). Acquiring a single new word. Papers and Reports on Child run-in Development, 15, 17-29. Carey, S. (1978). The child as word learner. In M. Halle, J. Bresnan, G. A. Miller (Eds. ), Linguistic theory and psychological reality (pp. 264-297).Cambridge, MA MIT Press. de Ruiter, J. , Noordzij, M. , Newman-Norlund, S., Newman-Norlund, R. , Hagoort, P. , Levinson, S. , et al. (2010). Exploring the cognitive alkali of communication. Interaction Studies, 11(1), 51-77. doi10. 1075/is. 11. 1. 05rui. Deak, G. O. , Wagner, J. H. (2003). Slow mapping in childrens learning of semantic relations. Proceedings of the Annual congregation of the Cognitive Science Society, 25, 318-323. Hansen, M. , Markman, E. (2009). Childrens use of mutual exclusivi ty to learn labels for parts of objects. Developmental Psychology, 45(2), 592-596. doi10. 1037/a0014838. Hughes, D. , Woodcock, J., Funnell, E. (2005).Conceptions of objects across categories puerility patterns resemble those of adults. British Journal of Psychology, 96, 1-19. Jary, M. (2010). Assertion and false-belief attribution. Pragmatics Cognition, 18(1), 17-39. doi10. 1075/pc. 18. 1. 02jar. Johnson, C. J. , Anglin, J. M. (1995). Qualitative developments in the content and form of childrens definitions. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 38, 612-629. Johnson, V. , de Villiers, J. (2009). Syntactic Frames in Fast Mapping Verbs Effect of Age, Dialect, and Clinical Status.Journal of Speech, Language Hearing Research, 52(3), 610-622. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. Litowitz, B. (1977). Learning to make definitions. The Journal of Child Language, 4, 289-304. McGregor, K. K. , Friedman, R. M. , Reilly, R. M. , Newman, R. M. (2002). Semantic representatio n and naming in young children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45, 332-346. Nelson, K. (1977). The syntagmatic-paradigmatic shift revisited. A review of research and theory. psychological Bulletin, 84, 93-116. Nicoladis, E. , Rose, A. , Foursha-Stevenson, C. (2010).Thinking for speaking and cross-linguistic transfer in preschool bilingual children. International Journal of Bilingual study Bilingualism, 13(3), 345-370. doi10. 1080/13670050903243043. Patson, N. , Warren, T. (2010). Evidence for Distributivity Effects in Comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology / Learning, Memory Cognition, 36(3), 782-789. doi10. 1037/a0018783. Penno, J. F. , Wilkinson, I. A. G. , Moore, D. W. (2002). verbiage acquisition from teacher explanation and repeated listening to stories Do they overcome the matthew effect?Journal of educational Psychology, 94, 23-33. Petrey, S. (1977). Word associations and the development of lexical memory. Cognition, 5, 57-71. Skwarchuk, S. , Anglin, J. M. (1997). Expression of superordinates in childrens word definitions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 298-308. Watson, R. (1985). Towards a theory of definition. Journal of Child Language, 12, 181-197. Werner, H. , Kaplan, E. (1950). The acquisition of word meanings A developmental study. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 15(1, Serial No. 51).