Advertising Campaign :: Free Essay Writer

ObjectivesAs we know, the objective of Gateau PLC patisserie chain sale of high-quality food and drinks, cooked individually with drop of ingredients of the best quality. Gateau PLC exerts every effort to offer wonderful, tasty and, perhaps, the best food. The main stress in your patisserie chain is quality. The achievement of high quality of your products only thinkable under accurate observation of whole processs technology from purchase of equipment, organization of patisseries work, to staffs skill in cooking. light deviation from the technology leads to inescapable fall of the quality.Customers comments and franchising offers allows you to say that you offer excellent products, which agree international standards.But we think that besides qualitative products you company should accent on teaching staff not only how to cook the best food but teaching them to be attentive, polite and communicable. Your staff should be intimately known for its kindness, competence and virtuo sity.TargetWe want to say that, technology of patisserie work and most up-to-date equipment allows you to organize outlet and to offer your high-qualitative products not only in stationary conditions but also in the places where demand for the product is high and conditions for snack bars are lowIn museums and exhibitionsIn hotels and business centersIn airports and railroad stationsIn supermarkets and mollsEverywhere, where you can find empty 10-12 square feet and electrimetropolis.We want to offer you to orient your supply to those places.MediaActually we are not until now ready with TV commercial but want to offer nice print advertisement. Here we designed motto and slogan for you patisseries.Even in such conditions we keepour special features, which are unrepeatable design comfortable and kind atmospheremotto Cleanness, Honesty and Professionalismslogan We offer comfort in the citySupportOf course the best method to boost sales and attract more customers, the method, which can be run simultaneously, is offering discounts and gifts.

Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

BeowulfSince the dawn of age, the forces of evil have always tried to gain an upper hand over the forces of good. The battles between these two forces have transcended time in some(prenominal) different forms and in different places. Every culture since the birth of man has background stories of creation and the battles that are waged between the two forces of rest and dark. Leaving in the aftermath, stories and legends that are passed down from generation to generation through the vast cultures and civilizations. Beginning with the use of oral traditions that took these stories and the use of spoken word to both inform and entertain the people of a given society. These tales also had another purpose, which was to remind the people of the evils that were around them. Lurking in the shadows, waiting to claim another victim in the war of good and evil. Such stories fed on the fears of the people and the uncertainty of the world around them. Although the stories themselves may diff er considerably from region to region, the staple underlying theme has always been identical. With the coming into being of written word, these stories could now be put down for people to read and serve as a reminder of their folklore. Not only to them, but to future people who come to read these documents. We have been lucky in the fact that over the last a couple of(prenominal) hundred years, we have recovered many works from all over the world, dating back through years that had been long forgotten to many of us. In a great many of these works we have come into contact with many tales of valorousness and the fight between good and evil. Just as the heroism in these stories may take on different faces, so does the evil present itself in many different guises.This brings us to one work in specific, Beowulf, one of the earliest Old English poems that we have today. It is the embodiment of the struggle between good and evil. The poem begins with the funeral of Scyld, the mythical f ounder of the Danish Royal House. superstar of his descendants builds a great hall called Heorot, and it is here that the people gather to rejoice and sing the praises of G-d. This singing angers a vile fiend named Grendel, that inhabits the nearby bog. The poet describes Grendel in this way

History of Marijuana :: American History Weed Medicine Essays

History of MarijuanaMarijuana has been used both recreationally and medicinally for centuries. There are numerous accounts of its medicinal qualities in multiple historical artifacts. Its use dates screening to 2737 B.C. when the Chinese emperor, Shen Nung, used it for medicinal purposes including malaria, gout, poor memory, rheumatism, and analgesia (Carter et. al., 2003). Eastern Indian documents, in the Atharvaveda, dating back to 2000 B.C. also refer to its medicinal use. The Jamestown settlers cultivated hemp produced by the ganja be. They used these fibers to make clothing, rope, and canvas because of its quality and durability. Physicians in the 19th century were prescribing hempen necktie as a pain reliever, an anticonvulsant, and for migraine headaches (Doweiko, 2002). Following his work in India in the 1840s William OShaughnessy introduced medicinal marijuana to the United Kingdom. Queen Victoria used marijuana for dysmenorrhoea during the same time period (Carte r et. al., 2003). Smoking marijuana recreationally began to spread in the United States in the 1920s. It began to spread from Mexico and New Orleans up the Mississippi river. suffer it away musicians, labor workers, and river boatmen were quickly taking to its euphoric effects (Gettman, 1995). Smoking marijuana also became more popular during Prohibition when more people began cultivation of the plant and importing it into the U.S. to replace alcohol (Doweiko, 2002). In 1942, marijuana was removed from the United States Pharacopoeia and the Federal Government began to criminalize non-medicinal marijuana possession and use (Carter et al., 2003). Marijuana became extremely popular in the 1960s and, today, is considered the most widely used illicit drug in the world, Canada, and the United States (Gettman, 1995).Pharmacology and Chemistry of MarijuanaCannabis is known to chasten over 400 chemicals in which about 70 are classified as plant cannabinoids. The human body produce s naturally occurring cannabinoids. The cannabinoids are lipophilic. Delta-8 and Delta-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) have been found to produce most of the psychoactive effects of marijuana (Carter et al., 2003). Delta-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol appears to be the most abundant cannabinoid and the main source of cannabis impact. Cannabidiol is the second most predominantly active ingredient. It becomes Tetrahydrocannabinol as the cannabis plant matures and the Tetrahydrocannabinol then breaks down into cannabinol Approximately 40 percent of the plants resin in some strains of cannabis are cannabidiol. Each cannabis strain differs in

enemy of the people Essay -- essays research papers

An Enemy of the People by Henrik Ibsen is a theatrical playing period which portrays important characteristics such as honesty, integrity, and courage. All of which could be seen as hazardous to European politics at the time. Dr. doubting Thomas Stockmann is a common man who attempts to name a revolution in his town. With the help of his naturally defiant personality the doctor makes a discovery that he hopes will better the town. This discovery was meant to forgo a change in the physical structure of the water source. Instead it created a waterfall of political disaster. Despite numerous stabs in the back and wishing of free-thinking, Dr. Stockmann stood tall and never backed down from what he believed in.The play is set in a small town in Norway that has just begun to develop the wing it needed to expand and become prosperous. This is in the most part due to The Baths a business Dr. Stockmann and his brother Peter began, to cure the sick through watering place treatments and rest. At the beginning, it seems as though The Baths had just begun to take off. The play is set in the Stockmanns kitchen where Mr. Billings, a close friend and member of the Peoples Herald, is having dinner. He is then joined by Hovstad, also a member of the Peoples Herald, and in the absence of Dr. Stockmann they discuss the future of The Baths. The Mayor, who is also Thomas brother, stops in unexpectedly to put one across a word regarding The Baths. Since Dr. Stockmann has not yet arrived home from his walk with his sons Billings, Hovstad, and the city manager begin to discuss future events. Hovstad explains to the mayor that he can see nothing but good in the future for the town, and that Dr. Stockmann had been holding an article he had written that was sure to spark involvement in his recent discovery.At this point it is obvious that the relationship between Dr. Stockmann and his brother Peter is not the strongest. They seem to struggle on seeing eye-to-eye on several issue s. Before Dr. Stockmann arrives home, his wife Katherine is comforting Peter, since he has taken great offense to Hovstads comment about The Baths being Thomas discovery. Dr. Stockmann arrives and is pleasantly surprise to see another(prenominal) dinner guest, Captain Horster, on his way in. His friends and brother have been awaiting him. A string of many arguments betwee... ...rrive home from school early because they have received a notice. Dr. Stockmann reassures his family that everything will be ok. He will host a school in the same room where he was branded an enemy of the people, and raise the poorest boys to drive out the wolves. Katherine worries that the wolves may drive him out of town, but Thomas reassures her that they dont stand a chance. The doctor has made another great discoverythat the strongest man stands alone. It is intrigue in way of heroism that draws many of us to good novels such as this. By using Dr. Stockmann as a strong hearted individual who stands up for what he believes in, Ibsen has captivated many readers such as myself. I believe that many of the ideals that we as a ordering deem to be virtuous in a man are possessed by Dr. Stockmann in this novel. His strong will in the face of everyone assay to bring him down is a depiction of someone who stands up for what they believe in. As you look back on what youve read, you get a strong cut into of Dr. Stockmanns ideology and it is something to admire, which combined with an interesting plot and well written scenes, makes for an exceptional novel.

Tacit Knowing and Education :: Biology Essays Research Papers

tacit Knowing and instructionHow is implicit knowing or tacit knowledge utilized in the classroom? This has been my distrust since discovering the term coined by Michael Polanyi and reading the excerpt of The Tacit Dimension. I have reflected on my experiences in a second grade classroom and observations of students being able-bodied to or not being able to refer to the tacit dimension in the classroom. In rethinking through Polanyis assertion that we nookie know more than we can tell, I will review ways in which students (children and adults) use intuition and other forms of tacit knowing in the classroom. I will too speak to the detrimental effects of particular school reforms such as the No Child left(p) Behind Act, which diminish the students ability to use tacit knowledge in the classroom.What is tacit knowing/knowledge? It is something that is implied or indicated but not actually expressed. It is what we already know by way of previous experience, or, addiction that has become second nature. This is not a far-fetched idea. If we go back to Platos Republic, even he believed that humans have the capability to know the right thing to do because we were born with that information already in our head words. A life of study was a way to reflect on this knowledge and use it for the good of all.Children reply to material in the classroom using tacit knowledge. All we learn in some way relies on us connecting it somehow to something we already know. Tacit knowledge requires a synthesis of previous experience into the inner workings of the mind and memory. Certainly, other educational theorists saw the importance of this in the classroom. Some ways children use tacit knowledge is in the different interactions between other children and to adults, crying in the classroom to signify pain, confusion, and anger, etc. John Deweys Experience and Education speaks specifically to this concept. Every experience is a moving force. I equate tacit knowing to havin g previous experiences. Regardless of our being conscious of the importance of an event, our mind holds on to that experience and becomes a knowledge that we can utilize in the future. Can tacit knowing be utilized in the classroom? It is my credence that it is becoming increasingly more difficult, particularly in public schools that must adhere to the strict testing of children for the sake of compliance to the No Child Left Behind Act, to rely on previous knowledge to help students learn in the classroom.

Nietzsche Contra Schopenhauer: The Construel of Eternal Recurrence :: Philosophy

Nietzsche Contra Schopenhauer The Construel of Eternal Recurrence Several years after the completion of his chief work, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, and tersely before his final mental collapse, Nietzsche pinpointed in retrospect its central concern the fundamental conception of the work, the idea of eternal recurrence, the highest form of affirmation which can possibly be attained (6 335). To have admitted that the more or less important philosophical project of his life was the construction of a formula which could overcome nihilism and affirm life, betrayed not only what he believed to have been his sterling(prenominal) achievement. It also shows to what extent he was influenced by one of his idols and at the same time one of his greatest philosophical enemies that philosopher of the denial of life, Schopenhauer. It is clear that Schopenhauer remained for Nietzsche a unchanging object of admiration and profound ambivalence. The theory of art propounded in The Birth of Tragedy was obviously, as Nietzsche himself conceded, built on Schopenhauers aesthetics, although it parted company with the latter on its idea of the ultimate function of art. He dedicated one of his Untimely Meditations to Schopenhauer, his philosophical educator, though he was later to reject Schopenhauers epistemological and aesthetic doctrines. He came in the end to criticize Schopenhauer, along with Christianity, calling them enemies of life in their fundamental pessimism. Although in his late literary works Nietzsche called Schopenhauer nihilistic and decadent, he simultaneously praised him with the nomenclature he is the last German to be taken seriously...a European event, equal to Goethe, equal to Hegel, equal to Heinrich Heine (6 125). From all this we should be able to see that Nietzsches set about to construct a philosophy of affirmation through his idea of eternal recurrence was aimed in Schopenhauers general direction. I wish in this short paper to carry this claim further an d show that it has more than merely general validity. The way in which Nietzsche construes his idea of recurrence in The Joyful apprehension and Thus Spoke Zarathustra bears out well that the idea was, in all its details, directly influenced by and specifically marshalled against some of the main arguments of Schopenhauer. Nietzsche was thoroughly familiar with Schopenhauers writings and a comparison of some of Nietzsches major published passages on eternal recurrence and some of Schopenhauers central claims will make clear both Nietzsches obligation to Schopenhauer, and the way in which Nietzsche believed his refutation succeeded in creating what he held to be the most noble formula of the great affirmation.

Liquid Permeability of Porous Media

1. 0Summary This try is conducted to determine the liquid permeability of porous media. The apparatus used in the examine is the liquid permeameter. The liquid used in this experiment is water. Three tissue layer judges of contrastive thickness (0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3 cm) ar used as the porous media. The decision of the permeability is carried out using elevated squeeze test. Each sample is tested for 5 times at different determine of wardrobe side which atomic count 18 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 psi.In order to obtain more accurate data, visualise that the membrane samples to be test is fixed tightly and covers the o-ring of the sample sleeping accommodation completely. Values of volumetric function rates are obtained from the apparatus itself. For pressure gradient of 5 psi and 30 psi, the sightly permeability for PP1 membrane sample are 0. 23993 cm2 2. 33993? 10-5 m2 and 0. 096196 cm2 9. 6196? 10-6 m2 respectively. For PP3 membrane sample, the average permeability are 0. 5269 2 cm2 and 0. 19841 cm2 for pressure gradient of 5 psi and 30 psi.For PP5 membrane sample, the average permeability are 1. 0541 cm2 and 0. 29489 cm2 for pressure gradient of 5 psi and 30 psi. The set of permeability obtained are then compared by plotting graphs of volumetric lam rate over cross sectioned (q/A) against pressure gradient over thickness (? P/L). The gradient of the straight line from the graph is /k. For PP1 sample membrane, the permeability obtained from the graph is k= 0. 000148 m2 for ? P=5psi and k= 0. 000062 m2 for ? P= 30 psi.permeability obtained from the graph is compared with ones obtained from the liquid permeameter apparatus. Reynolds number for the tests at ? P=5psi is 5. 3913? 10-5 and for ? P= 30 psi is 1. 1147? 10-4. Laminar flow conditions exist so that Darcys equation is applicable. 2. 0 Introduction When fluid flows through a medium, the flow is affected by the spot of the medium that bothows the flow of the fluid through it. The property of the me dium is called permeability. Permeability which is symbolized as k is the measure of the ability of a medium to transfer fluids.Permeability affects flow processes of fluids. An effective flow process throw out fleet if the permeability of the medium where the fluids stall through is high. Concept of permeability is important in the oil and gas industry in which the permeability characteristic of rocks are determined in order to extract oil and gas from the subsurface reservoir. For example, sandstones are permeable and can transmit fluid effectively. This types of stones possessed large and more connected pores. They may content high quantity of oil.Shales and siltstones composed of fine grains and have less connected pores causing them to be less permeable or impermeable. Permeability of a medium can be easily determined from equipment with high technology. It is important to know the factors or component which may affect permeability in order to prove or increase the permeabi lity. This might benefits the industry which involves extraction processes. Experimental results are important because to increase the efficiency of processes involving permeability it is mutually beneficial on the data or results. 3. 0 Aims/ObjectivesThe experiment is conducted to objective of this experiment is to determine the permeability of the porous media, to create conditions so that Darcys equation can be used and to compare the average permeability for different pressure gradient and types of tested samples as well as to relate permeability with assorted components of Darcys equation. 4. 0 Theory Permeability is property of the porous medium and is a measure of the ability of the medium to allow fluids to pass through it. Permeability concept is widely used to determine the flow characteristics of hydrocarbonsinoilandgasreservoirs.Medium or rocks that possess high permeability can allow fluids to pass through it in large quantity over time. This is indicated form high vo lumetric flow rate. To quantify permeability, assume that in that respect is a medium with cross-section(a) area (A) and thickness (L). A fluid of dynamic viscosity () is allowed to flow through the medium. The change in pressure that occurs during the flow is ? P and the volumetric flow rate (q) is the amount of fluid that can flow through the medium over a period of time with respect to the ? P. Permeability (k) is related to all the components by the Darcys equation. Darcys equation q=kA?PL .. (1) The SI unit for permeability, k is m2. Permeability is also measured in Darcy, D. 1 D is approximately 10-12m2. Factors affecting permeability are membrane solubility, pressure, concentration and temperature of the molecules or solutes. Permeability is also affected by size of the molecules of the fluids that passing through the medium. Darcys equation is vahat for any Newtonian fluids and is only applicable for laminar flow. The laminar flow is always achieved by groundwater but not a lways achieved by gas flows. Laminar flow can be determined by computing the Reynolds number of the flow. Re= ? vD 5. 0 Apparatus i. liquified permeameter apparatus ii. Liquid hose iii. Yellow chip pullers iv. Membranes of different thickness, 0. 1, 0. 2 and 0. 3 cm v. Water 6. 0 Procedures i. 3 membrane samples of different thickness (0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3cm) are prepared. The samples are cut bigger than the o-ring so that they will cover the ring completely and to ensure perfect sealing. ii. The liquid hose attached to the sample chamber lid is disconnected. The lid is unscrewed and removed. The chamber insert and adapter plates are taken out. The o-rings is checked for dryness. iii. Under Group on the main CapWin menu, a new group is created by clicking on New Group. iv.Under Execute on the main CapWin menu, Autotest F2 is selected. Autotest settings screen is opened. scrutiny Type is clicked and Liquid Permeametry is selected from the Test Selection box. Then, Elevated Pressure Test pick is selected. v. At the Autotest screen, several information are keyed in. The fields are as below. Output File Name-user designated End User-user designated Test Reference-Liquid Permeametry Elevated Pressure Test Sample ID-user designated Lot Number-user designated Operator-user designated Fluid-Water Surface Tension Diameter-3cm for all 3 samples Thickness-0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3 cm vi. Done on the Autotest screen is clicked. ii. The screened adapter plate is placed in the bottom of the sample chamber. The plate is aligned on threesome chamber pins. The sample is placed on the top of the screened plate. The o-ring of the screened plate is checked so that it seals against the sample. aggrandizement adapter plate is place on the sample chamber. viii. The chamber insert is placed into the chamber. The insert should not be lower than the sample chamber height. ix. sire Test sacking is clicked. Starting pressure, maximum pressure, point step pressure, maximum wait between points an d maximum number of points are keyed in. Continue button is clicked after each value has been entered. . Sample chamber is filled with water. The lid is screwed and hand-tightened. Liquid fill hose with quick connect fitting is attached to the sample chamber lid. xi. Click Ok on the Autotest screen and the test is started. xii. When the test has ended, a Test Done dialogue box appeared and clicked Ok. xiii. Test results may be viewed and analyzed using CapRep. Select Report from the main CapWin menu and clicked on Execute Report to access the data from the test. xiv. Steps (iii) to (xiii) are repeated for different pressure gradient (10, 15, 20, and 30) and two other samples with thickness 0. 2 cm and 0. 3 cm. 7. 0 ResultFor PP1 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L= 0. 1cm. Differential Pressure (psi) amount Permeability 5 0. 23993 10 0. 17461 15 0. 13315 20 0. 11792 30 0. 096196 For PP3 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L= 0. 2cm. Differential Pressure (psi) Ave rage Permeability 5 0. 52692 10 0. 36709 15 0. 33807 20 0. 26133 30 0. 19841 For PP5 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L= 0. 3 cm. Differential Pressure (psi) Average Permeability 5 1. 0541 10 0. 70806 15 0. 50627 20 0. 37001 30 0. 29489 8. 0 Calculations i) PP1 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L=0. cm at ? P= 5psi. From the plotted graph, q/A against ? P/L, a straight line obtained gives a gradient of 0. 148. From the gradient of graph, we can compute the permeability, k. slope = y2-y1x2-x1 = 4-127-6. 9 = 0. 148 Gradient = k 0. 148 = k0. 001 Pa. s , k = 0. 000148 m2 1. 48? 10-4 m2 The permeability, k obtained from the CapWin software is 0. 23993 cm2 2. 33993? 10-5 m2. ii) PP1 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L=0. 1cm at ? P= 30psi. From the plotted graph, q/A against ? P/L, a straight line obtained gives a gradient of 0. 148. From the gradient of graph, we can compute the permeability, k.Gradient = y2-y1x2-x1 = 12-6195-98 Gradient = k 0. 062 = k0. 001 Pa. s , k = 0. 000062 m2 6. 2? 10-5 m2 The permeability, k obtained from the CapWin software is 0. 096196 cm2 9. 6196? 10-6 m2. iii) Calculations of Reynolds number At ? P= 5 psi, q= 2. 5424? 10-6 m3/s, V= 1. 7971? 10-9m/s, ? =1000kg/m3 Re= ? VD=10001. 7971? 10-9(0. 03)0. 001= 5. 3913? 10-5 (laminar flow) At ? P= 30 psi, q= 5. 2564? 10-6 m3/s, V= 3. 7155? 10-9m/s, ? =1000kg/m3 Re= ? VD=10003. 7155? 10-9(0. 03)0. 001= 1. 1147? 10-4 (laminar flow) 9. 0 Discussion Permeability of PP1 sample membrane at ? P = 5 psi and ?P = 30 psi are k = 0. 23993 cm2 2. 33993? 10-5 m2 and k = 0. 096196 cm2 9. 6196? 10-6 m2 respectively. By plotting graphs of q/A against ? P/L, the compute permeability is 1. 48? 10-4 m2 at ? P = 5 psi and 6. 2? 10-5 m2 at ? P = 30 psi. The values are different as being compared. This might due to the different techniques involved in computing the values of permeability. The values from the liquid permeameter are more accurate as the values are computed as the te st runs. Compared to the ones computed by plotting the graph, there might be any(prenominal) minor errors that make the values to be different from each other.Apart from that, the apparatus might not function effectively or might be having somewhat problems. Besides that, the sample membranes used are the old ones. As they are often used for testing, this might change or alter their permeability values as they oftenly pass through by fluids. For the tests, laminar flows did occur. Laminar flow occurs at the region in which the points from the graph intersect the straight line plotted. For both ? P = 5 psi and ? P = 30 psi, laminar flow did occur. For ? P = 5 psi, the Reynolds number is 5. 3913? 10-5 which is representative for laminar flow. For ?P = 30 psi, the Reynolds number is 1. 1147? 10-4 which is also representative for laminar flow. For graph at ? P = 5 psi, there is only one point that intersects the straight line (best line of fit) plotted. This is because the pressure gr adient is low so there is not much data for permeability is acquired as the test runs. It is different for graph at ? P = 30 psi, there are several points that are intersect or join by the straight line plotted. As the pressure is elevated to 30 psi, there are many data obtained for permeability at different pressures as the pressure increasing to 30 psi.As laminar flow is proven to occur in the test, so Darcys equation can be used. From the Darcys equation, we can relate that permeability of a medium is directly proportional to volumetric flow rate, dynamic viscosity of fluid and thickness of medium and is inversely proportional to pressure gradient. For membrane sample PP1 with thickness of 0. 1 cm, we can see that the average permeability of the membrane is decreasing with increasing pressure gradient. This case occurs for other two membrane samples, PP3 thickness of 0. 2 cm and PP5 thickness of 0. 3 cm.Permeability settle as pressure gradient increase because the fluid, in this case water have to overcome certain pressure as they flow through the membrane samples. The pressure gradient acts as resistance to the flow. The high the resistance, little or less fluid can flow through the medium over a given time. It is also shown that for the same pressure gradient by using membranes with different thickness, the average permeability is higher for sample which is thicker. The different between the three membrane samples is only the thickness. They are of same cross-sectional area.As fluid flow they overcoming the same pressure gradient, same cross-sectional area, the amount of fluid that can be passed through is much dependent on the thickness. When the fluid passes through membranes with large thickness, they are experiencing much effect through the membranes causing the permeability to be higher than the ones obtained with small thickness. 10. 0 Conclusions The objectives of this experiment are achieved. The permeability of three membrane samples are obtain ed from the liquid permeameter-elevated pressure tests. The permeability of the PP1 sample at ? P = 5 psi and ? P = 30 psi are k = 0. 3993 cm2 2. 33993? 10-5 m2 and k = 0. 096196 cm2 9. 6196? 10-6 m2 respectively. Laminar flow conditions are also created where Darcys equation can be used. From the data obtained from the tests, we are able to deduce relationship between permeability and other components of Darcys equation. Although the compared values are differing from the each other, we can say that the experiment is still a success as we are able to achieve the main objectives. 11. 0 Recommendations In order to get more accurate results, ensure that the apparatus used (liquid permeameter) is in good condition and is maintained regularly.Besides that, using new or fresh membrane samples can improve the results. Not inevitably that for every test to use new ones but replacing old ones with new ones as when they are in bad condition would help. The average permeability value would be more accurate and the values obtained from the graph would be of not much difference. 12. 0 References i) Brown, G. (n. d. ). Darcys Law. Retrieved October 03, 2012, from Darcys Law Basics and More http//biosystems. okstate. edu/darcy/LaLoi/basics. htm ii) Darcys Law. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from Darcys Law http//www. ldeo. columbia. du/martins/hydro/lectures/darcy. hypertext mark-up language iii) Laminar Flow. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from Hyper Physics http//hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/pfric. html iv) Laminar, Transitional or Turbulent Flow. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from The Engineering ToolBox http//www. engineeringtoolbox. com/laminar-transitional-turbulent-flow-d_577. html v) Oilfield Glossary. (2012). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from Schlumberger http//www. glossary. oilfield. slb. com/Display. cfm? Term=permeability vi) Permeability. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from NDT Resource Center http//www. ndt-ed. rg/Edu cationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Physics/Permeability. htm 13. 0 Appendices Graph1 q/A against ? P/L at ? P=5psi Graph 2 q/A against ? P/L at ? P= 30 psi presage 1 Liquid permeameter insure 2 Sample chamber Figure 3 Pressure cylinder Figure 4 Fluid bin Figure 5 The discharge port of water Figure 6 Yellow chip pullers For ? P = 5psi, ?P/L q/A 0 0 15. 919 3. 1536 19. 185 3. 4128 22. 623 3. 6631 26. 519 3. 9394 29. 866 4. 1191 32. 784 4. 1995 For ? P = 30 psi, ?P/L q/A ? P/L q/A ? P/L q/A 0 0 74. 1191 6. 529 142. 874 8. 724 5. 4528 2. 274 77. 339 6. 8886 146. 066 8. 948 12. 8498 2. 9474 81. 186 6. 7182 150. 051 9. 209 15. 9759 3. 1624 84. 434 7. 2454 153. 216 9. 497 19. 0896 3. 4502 88. 364 7. 1371 156. 263 9. 495 22. 5177 3. 7128 91. 687 7. 0481 159. 821 9. 957 26. 6236 4. 057 94. 541 6. 9633 163. 875 9. 468 29. 9179 4. 1482 97. 858 7. 126 167. 619 9. 357 32. 471 4. 2458 98. 775 8. 4774 170. 453 9. 444 35. 9619 4. 449 100. 678 7. 2947 173. 287 9. 683 39. 2052 4. 7036 104 . 677 7. 94 176. 741 9. 692 44. 044 5. 186 107. 986 7. 9996 180. 85 10 47. 068 5. 1119 116. 322 8. 1839 184. 373 10. 5 49. 7694 5. 697 118. 307 8. 042 187. 213 10 53. 2892 5. 3991 122. 31 8. 399 190. 655 11. 1 56. 6594 5. 51 125. 161 8. 437 193. 936 10. 19 59. 9503 5. 8797 128. 615 8. 379 198. 032 10. 3 63. 3005 6. 0421 132. 325 8. 492 201. 679 10 66. 792 6. 2865 135. 517 8. 692 205. 078 10 69. 7064 6. 1141 138. 523 8. 76

American History Essay

The well-mannered war, according to President Abraham Lincoln, was non really fought to end the prolonged populace of sla rattling in the United States. The American Civil War was fought to preserve the essence and safeguard the interest of the American mass further not of the slaves. Lincoln, who was not an absolute abolitionist himself, believe that the slaves should be free gradually and not on a one time big time basis. merely as the civil war became lengthy, Lincoln and his administration has made colossal changes to the original plan and had to issue an Emancipation announcement freeing the slaves in the Confederacy. This action was considerably thought of Lincoln. When the congress has passed the Second Confiscation Act on July 17, 1862, Lincoln was prompted to respond. The Second Confiscation Act entailed that all slaves of everyone in rebellion to the United States were declare free. The act from the congress was not only what impelled Lincoln to act but also the pe oples growing aversion of slavery.Lincoln has read his drafted Preliminary announcement to Secretary of State William H. Seward and Secretary of Navy Gideon Welles. Both were overwhelmed and were unable to respond quickly. On July 22, Lincoln discussed the matter to his cabinet and has received a lot of intermix reactions but majority of the cabinet approved of the proclamation. Yet, it was only a consultation. The cabinet reviewed the contexts on September 22 and Lincoln has composed the final Emancipation Proclamation on New Years Day of 1863.The Emancipation Proclamation pronounced that all slaves within any states or on a designated section of a State whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, henceforward, and forever free The Emancipation Proclamation guaranteed freedom only of those slaves in the states not in the jurisdiction of the confederacy. Lincolns Secretary of State William H. Seward has criticized the irony of the emancipation. Se ward pointed out that the Union might bring been sympathetic to slavery by freeing the slaves on the states uncontrolled by the Union but holding them in servitude in places possible to be freed by the government.Lincoln has known this but he did not want to irritate the slaveholders in the Union. Moreover, the Emancipation Proclamation would have not been easily released if it were not a war necessity. The Union apothegm its last resort on freeing the slave to increase its army and to antagonize the farms and the industries in the South. The proclamation was not sympathy to the slaves but a reanimate to the unending war. Yet, the Emancipation Proclamation was one of the greatest victories of the Lincoln administration and of American democracy.It has also stressed that the war is not all about preserving the Union but also on the pressing need to abolish slavery. It was also the foundation of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, which forever end slavery in the United States. On the other hand, after the Emancipation Proclamation the war did not ended soon. Many critics of the Lincoln administration supposed that the proclamation has only worsened the situation. The Union was still deficient of soldiers. Lincoln was prompted to create solutions by issuing the Enrollment Act of Conscription on March 3, 1863, which agitated many Northerners.The Union at the early stage of the war has relied on volunteerism but fewer men wanted to enlist. The Conscription Act imposed military duty to every able man of 20 to 45 years old. Yet those who can find a substitute or pay $300 could be exempted from the draft. This exemption has maddened the poor. Leslie M. Harris (2003) reported that antiwar newspaper in New York began criticizing the draft law citing the governments interference on local affairs on behalf of the nigger war.The nigh unruly response to the act happened in New York City when unruly mobs appeared on July 11, 1963 when the draft took effect. Even t hough New York politicians have been very demonstrative of(predicate) of the Emancipation Proclamation, New Yorkers were divided on their stance towards the proclamation. Likewise, the mob consisted mostly of the poor Irish and German immigrants who lived on New Yorks slum area. Irish and German immigrants in New York were told to prepare for the emancipated slaves who will flee to the North and would seek job.The immigrants did not think it was necessary for them to fight and they also have bigotry towards the African-American because they were usually their competitors to lowest-paying jobs. Yet, the main problem arose when the mob started to create commotions on the city. The first targets of the mob include military and government building, which instituted the inequitable draft. But after a while, the mob targeted the black people. First, they assaulted a black vendor and a nine year-old boy before burning to ashes the Colored Orphan insane asylum on Fifth Avenue between Forty -Third and Forty-Fourth Streets.Luckily, no child was hurt in the attack. However, the mob has continued to attack Black people and sometimes killing them. Harris (2003) further reported that the mob singled out men for special violence. William Jones, a black man was hanged and his body burned afterward. Some root white men were even cheering when they kill William Williams, a black sailor, shouting vengeance on every nigger in New York. The havoc which lasted five days forced hundreds of Blacks to leave the city. Yet, not every Irish were sympathetic to the mob.There were reported cases were Irishmen helped black men. Irish neighbors of Philip White, a black drugstore owner at the corner of Gold and Frankfurt Street, help drove the mob away because White has been a good neighbor and creditor. However, this interracial cooperation was very least as compared to the havoc against the black people. However, the Union Army stationed at the Potomac were able to pacify the rioters and restore order in the city however they remained encamped nearly the city for several weeks.The Emancipation Proclamation and the Draft Riots embodied the bearing of the people during the Civil War. Though, only was a war measure, the Emancipation Proclamation was a great demonstration of democracy. The Draft Riots proved that not every person has the heart to fight for the Union and not everyone was in favor of the Emancipation. However, though upper-case letter Times wrote, The nation is at this time in a state of Revolution, North, South, East, and West, those who believed in the restoration of the Union and the rule of law never gave up believe but fought for what they believe was right.The New York Draft Riots, the Civil War and all its casualties were the price paid by the United States in order to protect and keep going the Constitution, its people and those unalienable rights that were bestowed to each citizen which are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. Referen cesHarris, L. M. (2003). In the Shadow of Slavery African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863. Chicago University of Chicago. Smith, A. I. , (2007). The American civil war. Macmillan New York.

Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

What does the textual matter highlight more or less the concept of belonging? The film tells a story seen through the innocent eyes of a 8 year old boy, Bruno, who is unsure of his bespeak in the world. The approximately evident concept of belonging is his hitch in his transition from barbarianhood to adulthood. passim the film, he faces the bout amidst accepting the harsh Jew-killing solidity of the world or stay immersed in his fantastical world filled with adventure.Bruno also feels disoriented from society having been moved from Berlin to the countryside, resulting in his isolation. On another level, he must further decide his place and to whether support his Nazi fathers actions and stay true to his fatherland or stay a companion with Schmal, the 8 year old Jew that Bruno befriends. 5. What connections about belonging can you make expectween this text and your prescribed text? In Dickinsons poems, there is a champion of disconnection with society that the poet exper iences due to her isolation and seclusion from the world.Similarly, Bruno, in The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas, experiences the same reek of disconnection due to his unsurity over what is right or wrong. He feels out of place and confused throughout the film as a result of his offspring as well as his lack of knowledge about the hostile situation in the world. Also, where Dickinson regards her social intercourseship with nature as the most dominant one(a) in her life as depicted in What mystery pervades a well, Bruno does the same in reference to his relationship with the Jew child, Schmal.Like nature, Schmal is an enigmatic type which Bruno does not seem to fully connect throughout the film, largely due to physical barriers such as the electric fence and mental factors kindred the judgemental disposition of Lt. Kotler and his father. Lastly, Dickinson make outs her importance and place in the world due to her seclusion. Likewise, for the boy Bruno, it is left for him only to decide where he belongs in the world despite his age. Throughout the film, although Bruno is supply Nazi propoganda, we realise that it is ultimately up to him to decide his alliances as what he sees in the world is not quite what people describe. . What techniques does the composer use to acquit his/her idas about belonging? (techniques, example, explain) Through the use of camera angles, Herman illustrates a sense of alienation between Bruno and his surroundings. He achieves this with a low shot of the new bag, overshadowing and looming over a timid and doubting Bruno. Furthermore, the first scene that we see in the new home is Bruno sitting on the stairs, behind full-length banister rails, suggesting a sense of entrapment within the house.The use of costuming in the blue and white striped pyjamas by Herman illustrates Brunos innocence and his inability to comprehend what is right or wrong. He does not realise that the clothing is the uniform for captured Jews but as the film p rogresses, harsh reality soon overtakes his naive outlook of the world. The uniforms also represent how different the prisoners are to Bruno. Brunos conflict between childhood and adulthood is further insinuated through the quote My dads a soldier, but not the sort that takes peoples clothes away. The use of dramatic irony suggests once more Brunos innocence and how he is still very ofttimes a child in what is a hostile, adult world. The character of Schmul represents the power and solidarity of human relationships. What was intially a fleeting fellowship becomes permanent when Bruno becomes filled with regret after he betrays Schmal. A shake of the hands through the electric fence suggests that a connection between Bruno and Schmal exists regardless of any barriers.Boy in the Striped PyjamasBrunos diary Year 1943, age 9 years old as I was natural on the 15th april 1934. twenty-four hour periodlight one of strange happenings Today I came home from school and maria was in my be droom going through MY things all the same my secret things. She is just a servant but I tried to be polite when I asked what she thought she was doing. Maria never takes all my confidential things out, she puts things away ilk shes supposed(a) too. I asked mother why maria is packing my things but she wont answer me properly. She just keeps construction we are all going away because of fathers job. She state Ill thrust to hypothesise goodbye to my friends, my best long life friends.I wear upont want to say goodbye to my friends because of fathers job. I know hes important but why cant father go by himself and come back later? Its not fair. I still have lots of plans with my friends that I need to do. I wonder if grandma and grandfather are coming on this holiday too? We cant really leave them behindthough I dont mind if Gretel stays shes hopeless. Gretel can look after the house so we can come back to it if this new one isnt as good. I wonder if the other house has a big bannister like this one that I can slide down? I hope so because its my favourite thing to do.day two of strange happenings We are at the new house and its horrible It only has triple floors, not five like the other one and there are no other children around to command with. I dont like this place but mother wont take me back home, she says this is where we stay now but I dont want to live here. Gretel doesnt like it either, or maria, so it definitely is a horrible place to live. Ill just have to tell father what a luxate hes made and past we can all go back home to berlin. Even the people here are scary and boring, like that man that came out of fathers room at present.I dont think I like himhes too serious. Maria says to steer clear of him anyway. Day three of the horrible place I scared Gretel today when I showed her the weird children outside my windowpane. She is three years older than me and quite scary, so scaring her isnt an easy thing to do. I dont know why she has co me with us anyway, all she does is cause trouble. Thats what mother and father say anyway. At least her friends cant come round anymore. She has horrible friends that call me six when Im actually nine She still has her dolls though.I bet they spy on me when Im in her room, so I dont go in there much. Gretel said father said we are going to stay here for the foreseeable future, whatever that means. Gretel thinks its about 3 weeks, so at least it isnt a month I suppose. She doesnt like this place either though so maybe we will move back sooner. Day four of the horrible place The people outside my window are still there. Gretel thinks that we are in the countryside and that they must be farmers. I dont think they are farmers though because there are no animals and the ground is all brown and dirty.It doesnt look like a nice place anyway, there are soldiers yelling at people and for some reason everyone is wearing pyjamas. I wish Gretel knew who they were and would tell me. Shes the b rightest girl in her class apparently. I found them though, so they are my people, not hers. I am a high and mighty king in my bedroom and they are my minions that Gretel cant have. I shall have to ask father what they are doing there and why they dont have baths. Ill know more than Gretel then, even though shes older. Day fiveFather came to the house today. We had to leave earlier than father on the train. There were a lot of other people coming this way on the train toobut they were all on one big train squashed together. I dont know why they didnt just come on the same train as us because we had lots of empty seats they could have used. I was very brave today and asked father when we were going home because its horrible here. I thought father would get very angry because Im not supposed to go into his office or waste his time saying hello or asking silly questions.Father said we have to do things we dont like though because other people know whats best for us. He said we have to accept the situation we find ourselves in and then everything will become easieror something like that. I still dont like it here though and it will never be home. I dont know why father cant see that hes made a mistake. I even told him to prune to the fury and then we can go back to berlin. Father is a very respectable man but I still think he is wrong. Why doesnt he just listen to us instead of his job? Extract from chapter 12, pages 128 129 we had to move to a different part of Cracow, where the soldiers built a big wall and my mother and father and my brother and I all had to live in one roomThere was one small window in it but I didnt like to look out of it because then I would see the wall and I hated the wall because our real home was on the other side of it. And this part of town was the bad part because it was always noisy and it was impossible to sleepThen one day the soldiers all came with huge trucks And everyone was told to leave the houses. Lots of people didnt want to and they hid wherever they could find a place but in the end I think they caught everyone.And the trucks took us to a train and the train The train was horrible There were too many of us in the carriages for one thing. And there was no air to breathe. And it smelled awful. Shmuels exposition provides necessary background information that allows the reader to identify with the character. In this particular extract, the author conjures a lot of imagery to convey emotion and mood, which is implemented through structural and lingual techniques. Ellipses are used repeatedly throughout the extract, creating a pause, which causes the reader to consider and empathise with the characters ordeal.It also contributes to the stave of the paragraph, setting a slow and deliberate pace, evoking heightened emotions of fear and apprehension. The simplistic language, combined with alliteration delivers a childlike and innocent approach, which draws sympathy from the reader in relation to the chil ds traumatic experience. For example, the soldiers built a big wall contrasts against shmuel and his family living in a small room, emphasising how small and vulnerable they are. The use of repeat such as the train is effective in this extract, as it creates a sense of urgency and distress, helping to set a despondent atmosphere.This atmosphere is increase with short sentences and a hyperbole toward the end of the paragraph (There was no air to breathe) for a dramatic impact. The boy in the striped pyjamas is a fable found on the holocaust. The protagonist of the story, Bruno, comes home from school one day to find his belongings packed and told to say goodbye to his friends due to his dads promotion. Mourning his old home Bruno sets out exploring areas he shouldnt his naivety and inquisitive innocence, lead him to the outskirts of a concentration camp, where he befriends a boy just like himself, albeit religious boundaries.It is this friendship between two young boys that leads to a cruel twist of fate. The hamartia of bruno, in this case his innocence, leads to his downfall. It is somewhat ironic, that the innocence and accepting nature of a child is essentially a weakness that leads to a cruel fate, whilst those that deserve misfortune are without tragedy. It also conveys a moral, classifying this book as a fable. In relation, Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare share the same themes as the boy in the striped pyjamas.Innocent characters lose their lives unnecessarily because of events that are out of their control, caused by prejudice and variety. Another similar make between the two novels is that Shakespeare uses dynasties/houses to create differences and segregation between parties. In correspondence, the author of the boy in the striped pyjamas, uses clothes to create differences and symbolise their status in society. For example, the striped pyjamas indicates inferiority, weakness and suffering of the jews, whilst the uniforms of the soldiers uphold authority, cruelty and dominance.As opposed to Shakespeare, what makes this book so despairing and emotive is the reality of it. It is not a romantic, fictional play based on lust and fate it is representative of real events where horrific tragedys took thousands of innocent lives for reasons due to nothing but social status, discrimination and prejudice. It can be argued, that such events would not have occurred in reality firstly, historical records show that more than 6000 soldiers were present in the aushwitz camp, making it unlikely that a child could escape their notice to sit at the edge of a camp and talk to an outsider.Secondly, most women and children were gassed upon their arrival, leaving the men to work. Another point raised, is that most credible 9 year olds have a lot more common sense in reality than is portrayed in this fable. Boynes story depends on the overwhelming naivety of his character, who is completely oblivious to the war despite his father working for Hitler. In conclusion, for a short fable aimed at children, I believe it to be a powerfully emotive tale that strikes key points. The innocence and reality of the events that took place in the book make it that much more touching, horrific and powerful.

Aligning Action and Values Article Critique Essay

In the article Aligning Action and Values article by Jim Collins, a very pertinent point is made that is applicable in todays business environment. Organizations spend very little time aligning cursory work with the overall vision and message values set by the organization. Collins article was written 10 years ago, alone the content soon still has merit. Organizations ar constantly changing and adapting to industry and environmental trends. With the explosion of the Internet and rapid global expansion, companys need to make believe economic change management programs and vision to keep the organization on track.Too often, companies are sidelined by managers that are self-promoting and not working for the overall vision of the company. Yet, this is not necessarily a middle manager problem, but a problem of the company not hearing and pursuing the grand vision the company was founded to achieve. Mr. Collins points come to the fore the often companys are either to busy trying t o repeatedly craft the perfect vision statement or the organization has not spent any time aligning the organization with the values that have been determined.Truly visionary organizations are able to use sum total values dumbfound efficient in management and operations to keep the company moving forward. Organizations that do not align goals with values spend more time evaluating past tense problems and too little time commissioning on the future. Jim Collins is correct in that one must first put the internal dialogue to identify organizational misalignments. There is typically mistrust between senior leaders and employees in terms of who is doing the right things.Senior leaders need to listen to subvert level managers and employees and take into consideration the perspective of those that directly link to the customer. Senior leaders also need to determine what is said in the organizations undercurrent internal dialogue. What often drives employees to perform is what is felt unconsciously, not what is stated in official forums. Companys that have alignment of goals with vision are able to determine the internal dialogue and keep the dialogue positive. Identifying the difference between core values and strategies is essential for organizational alignment.Mr. Collins points out that core values should be timeless and never change. What should change are operational practices and strategies. Many companies too often are constantly identifying new core values, and this makes focus difficult. By identifying permanent core value, employees are able to always rely on what the greater purpose of the company should represent in all passing(a) operations. Without this concrete focus, employees become disgruntled and unable to focus on any one thing, increasing inefficiencies.Mr. Collins also posits that organizations cannot . . . nstall new core values into people. . . but that people are predisposed to holding them. Therefore, the key is to find people that ar e already predisposed to holding the companys particular values. This belief is especially hard for organizations that are attempting to align actions to values. People are inherently resistant to change and any change in an organizations core values will be difficult for all employees to embrace. Therefore, it is crucial that organizations identify core values at inception so that all employees will identify with the goals and vision when hired.Otherwise it is exceptionally difficult to implement change management strategies to get employees to buy in to new values. In all, Jim Collins is accurate on his assessment of aligning action and values in organizations. Although this article was written 10 years ago, companies still struggle with these concepts today. Mr. Collins is correct that organizations need to have permanent core values, identify internal dialogues and act on inconsistencies, and hire people that are predisposed to a particular organizations core values, instead of attempting to elaboration buy in from current employees.

Rsm 230 Assignment 1

Question 1 i) 91 Day Treasury Bill it is a government issued debt obligation that matures in 91 days. It is sold at a bank discount and the buyer is paid the face value at maturity. The yield is the difference between the discounted price and the face value. ii) 90 Day Commercial topic it is a promissory note issued by a company that matures in 90 days. In case the issuing company defaults, the buyer has no recourse. similarly to a treasury bill, commercial paper is also sold at a discount. ii) 90 Day Bankers Acceptance it is a short term bodily paper that company sells to its bank that guarantees it and sells it again to the end user. This is used when the buyer is uncertain about the risk of default by the issuer. iv) BBB long term bodily Bond it is a long-term debt obligation issued by a company that has been paced as having adequate capacity to meet financial commitments, but more melodic theme to adverse economic conditions by Standard and Poors. Although they are pric ed with quoted base value of 100, they may be sold at either a discount or a premium. ) Prime send it is the base rate on which a margin is added by the lending bank to calculate ones financing charge. vi) LIBOR LIBOR stands for London Interbank Offer drift. It is the rate that is charged when banks borrow loans in the short-term interbank market. Question 2 (a) 3 month Treasury Bill Rate (%) 3 month Bankers Acceptance Rate (%) 3 month Prime Corporate Paper Rate (%) Bank Rate (%) Prime Rate (%) government activity of Canada Marketable Bonds, over 10 years (%) December 31, 2007 3. 2 4. 71 4. 81 4. 50 6 4. 10 December 31, 2008 0. 83 1. 41 2. 22 1. 75 3. 50 3. 45 December 31, 2009 0. 19 0. 33 0. 37 0. 50 2. 25 4. 09 June 30, 2010 0. 50 0. 77 0. 73 0. 75 2. 50 3. 59 (b) Bankers Acceptance and Treasury Bills Spread (in BPs) Prime Corporate Paper and Treasury Bills Spread (in BPs) Govt. Of Canada marketable bonds and 3 month Treasury Bills (in BPs) December 31, 2007 89 99 28 De cember 31, 2008 58 139 262December 31, 2009 14 18 390 June 30, 2010 27 23 309 (c) fff Question 3 (a) US Treasury Bill Rate (%) LIBOR Rate (%) Spread between LIBOR Rate & 3 month US Treasury Bill rate (in BPs) US Commercial Paper 3 month rate (%) broad Term US Treasury Bond yield (%) Spread between US Long Term AA Corporate Bond yield & Long Term US Treasury Bond yield (in BPs) Spread between US Long Term BBB Corporate Bond yield & Lond Term US Treasury Bond yield (in BPs) December 31, 2007 3. 7 4. 07 90. 75 5. 08 4. 03 140 204 December 31, 2008 0. 13 1. 43 130 1. 30 2. 22 460 634 December 31, 2009 0. 05 0. 25 20. 06 1. 35 3. 39 162 332 June 30, 2010 0. 18 0. 53 35. 89 1. 35 2. 93 134 299 (b) Fffff (c) Fffff Question 4 (a)

Strategic Legal and Social Issues

The Board of Directors of a breadbasket are vested with the authority to exercise somatic powers, conduct all business and control and hold all properties of the throne. The imperative authority insofar as the management of the business regular and ordinary affairs of the corporation is vested with the Board of Directors. With great power however comes great responsibility. Directors travel as fiduciaries to the corporation, and once elected they mustiness serve the best interests of the corporation and the shareholders.This fiduciary avocation arises out of the boards fiduciary relationship with the corporation and shareholders. (Saboor H. Abduljaami p2) The following are the three-fold duties of a music conductor duty of obedience duty of diligence and duty of loyalty. Duty of Obedience The duty of obedience mandates that every coach of the corporation must do and perform only those travels designed to achieve its mission. The mission and goals of the corporation are ind icated in the articles of incorporation.Thus, the director must constantly sustain whether his action is within the scope of his authority and in pursuance of the goals of the company as indicated in its articles of incorporation. (Role Playing When do Board Members Step all over the Linep2) Further, obedience does not only mean compliance with the rules of the corporation but it also means informing the corporation of any act through with(p) in violation of the rules of the corporation. This means that every director is mandated to refrain from violating the internal rules of the corporation.As directors they are also required to inform the corporation of any mistake committed by one director that seriously prejudices the interest of the corporation. Thus, a director who willfully and knowingly votes or assents to patently un honorful acts of another director renders him jointly and severally liable(predicate) for any damage resulting to the corporation. Duty of Diligence The rule is that every director of the corporation is required to manage the corporate affairs and perform his races with reasonable care and prudence.As an officer of the corporation, the responsibility of the director towards the corporation is not limited to willful breach of trust or surplusage of power but extends to negligence. This means that even if there was no unlawful intent or evil motive in performing a corporate act, he can still be held liable if it can be established that he acted negligently. This indebtedness of a director for his negligent acts rests upon common law rule which renders the agent liable who violates his authority or neglects his duty to the damage of the principal. It must be upset however that the degree of diligence required of a director is relative.The standard of diligence is that which an ordinary prudent director could reasonable be expected to exercise in a like position down the stairs similar circumstances. The directors are also bound to o bserve the limits placed upon their powers in accordance with the Articles of Incorporation or charter, and if they transcend such limit and cause such damage, they incur liability. (Ruben Ladia, p. 164) Thus, if a director willfully performs an act which he knows or ought to know to be unauthorized and beyond the scope of his authority, he is clearly liable for any injury.It is however essential to state that though directors are liable for their negligence which has caused serious prejudice to the corporation, they are not liable for losses collectable to the imprudence or honest error of judgment. This is the concept of business judgment rule which is a defense on the part of the director to escape any liability for his actions. In principle, this states that questions of policy and management are left doctorly to the honest decision of the board of directors and the courts are without authority to substitute its judgment as against the director.It is tell that business judgm ent rule is purely a case law derived concept whereby a court will not review the management decisions of a corporations board of directors absent some sort of showing that the board of directors violated their duty of care or loyalty. (Jon Canfield 1) It must be stressed that directors are not insurers of the property of the corporation or guarantors of the success of the corporation. So long as the director exercised reasonable diligence in the performance of its function the courts will not interfere and render it liable for negligence. Duty of LoyaltyIt is a general knowledge that there exists a fiduciary relationship amidst the directors of the corporation and the corporation and its stockholders. As fiduciaries, they are expected to act with utmost candor and fair dealing for the interest of the corporation and without taint of selfish motives. Thus, the directors are not only required to act with reasonable diligence in managing the affairs of the corporation, they are also expected to act with utmost good faith. Thus, the directors of the corporation are expected to first serve the interest of the corporation and their interest later.They are enjoined not to manipulate the affairs of the corporation to the detriment and disregard of the standards of devotion and decency. As corporate insiders, the director cannot utilize any inside information they have acquired for their own benefit. He cannot violate the requirements of fair play by doing indirectly what he cannot do directly. Further as directors of the corporation they are not allowed to obtain any personal profit, commissions, bonus or gain for their official actions. Lastly, a director is prohibited from seizing any business opportunity or developing it at the expense and with the facilities of the corporation.Thus, the duty of loyalty requires a fiduciary to act in the best interests of the corporation and in good faith. (Jiangyu Zhu 2) Thus, as corporate officers an undivided loyalty is expe cted of every director. This fiduciary relationship between the director and the corporation imposes a strict duty to act in accordance with the highest standard which a man of the finest honor and reputation might impose upon himself. It must be stressed that the duty to act with utmost good faith is enforce upon all the directors.The law imposes upon the director liability for violating this duty of loyalty unheeding whether the director actually received profit from his undisclosed transaction. This was affirmed in the case of Item bundle v. Fassihi. Case of Item Software v. Fassihi. Facts Item Software entered into transaction with another company. Item Software has a managing director and a trade director. It specifically provided in its edit with the marketing director that it cannot take expediency of any confidential information it has learned while employed with Item Software.It appears that while Item Software and the other company were engaged in negotiations, its m arketing director had been visiting the other company informing it of his intention to form a new company and his intent to transact directly with the other company. The contract between the two companies did not materialize. Item Software later found out about the actuations of its marketing director. He was eventually summarily dismissed from appointment and sued by his own company. Issue whether the respondent should be held liable by the corporation for its act of disloyalty even if it did not profit from its misconduct.Held It is immaterial whether the director profited from his misconduct. The sole factor to be determined here is that the director committed a breach of its duty when it failed to disclose its transactions with the other company. The duties of a director imposed by law are generally higher than those imposed on an employee because he is more than simply a general manager of the company, he is a fiduciary who, with his fellow directors, is responsible for the su ccess of the companys business.Section 317 of the Companies Act of 1985 states that it is the duty of the director of a company, who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or proposed contract with the company to declare the nature of his interest at a meeting of the directors of the company. (Section 317 Companies Act of 1985) Thus, the marketing director was in breach of his duties both as an employee and as a director and the Item Software was entitled to recover from him damages for breach of that duty suffered as a result of the termination of the contract.

Media Corruption Essay

Whoever controls the media, controls the mindIn nowadayss world, the media has become a necessity just like food, clothing, and shelter. The media was ideally designed to be ingenuous and unbiased to provide information, intelligence information, and knowledge that is objective and socially constructive. Unfortunately, in recent times, because of its money making cash advance the media has adopted a biased approach that is benefitting politicians and the corporate leaders. Sadly, the media is known to be resorting to Paid News news that is published or broadcasted to benefit a certain class of people who have huge frugal power and who wield that economic power to buy The News in their favor.The viewers/readers of such(prenominal) Paid News are at such a loss with this information that lacks integrity and they kitty be easily misled. Actually the readers/viewers are deceived in to believing Paid News which is and then misrepresentation of the truth.. Article 19 of the Constit ution of India Reach to the public states the right to freedom of speech and way to media .When this freedom is misused by the media, it becomes a prime reason for media corruption, and more or less the willingness of Indian Govt. to eradicate this problem. The objective of this paper is to highlight the roots and remedies of media-corruption in India and to create awareness about the superior general public about the distortion of news/information by the media to enable viewers to discern, and not be uninformed consumers of the news.Key words necessary, money making approach, freedom.

How does Hosseini present Baba Essay

Chapter 10 is a transitional chapter, set just after the Soviet invasion, which sees Baba and ameer fleeing Afghanistan for Pakistan. In this chapter Khaled Hosseini presents Baba in more details. We get to see Babas behaviour and his attitude towards other mess and especially his word of honor amir. Hosseini focuses on Baba and he tries to express what this character is like, barely is this the same Baba? Is this Baba we have met in anterior chapters? The causation of The Kite Runner decided to present Baba in this chapter as the mill. When Russian spend demands a half hour with the lady in the back of the truck.Babas response is mechanical. He stands up and he asks Russian officer Where his shame is. We know by this time, that Baba saw the world in black and white and when he decides to protect that fair sex he risks his sustenance he proves his ideology. He knows that woman deserves a respect and it is natural reaction for him to back up her. Other people, such as Amir, codt understand his behaviour. Amir is scared of loosing his fuck off and he tries to stop him. Baba is not happy with his son conduct and he says Havent I taught you anything? . It alike shows Babas disappointed. In chapter 3, Baba says Id never believe hes my son.I believe Baba be drives more disappointed with Amir and his performance each chapter. Amir is a coward. He is different to Baba. He proved this in previous chapters when Hassan got raped and Amir did not do anything to defend him. Baba is trying to protect that woman and he also is ready to sacrifice his life. Baba is the hero and Amir admits it too Do you have to always be the hero? Cant you just let it go for oneness? But I knew he couldnt it wasnt his nature. Baba is a person who believes in only one crime, which is stealing. In that case, Russian spend wanted to steal nigh womans privacy and her right to belong only to one man.When the officer started arguing with Baba and threatening him, Amirs father becam e more confident and he was all-inclusive of anger Tell him hed better kill me proper with that foremost shot. Because if I wear thint go down, Im tearing him to pieces, goddamn his father . Baba doesnt care astir(predicate) anything just saving Afghan womans honour. He is determined and ready to die. Baba knows that he require to escape from Afghanistan, to save himself and Amir, scarcely the whole journey proves that its not about saving their die hards but attesting some values and protecting other people too.When Baba finds out that they have been cheated by Karim, he becomes furious again, but this time he uses more violence towards a liar Kamir slammed against the wall, his sandaled two feet above the floor. engrossed around his neck were Babas hands. . They all paid a price to get out of Afghanistan but it didnt matter for smuggler because they excepted to get more. Baba is adamant and stubborn. He kept choking him until the young go ( ) begged him to stop. . She wa s the one who knew that if Baba would hurt Karim, there wouldnt be a way for them to flee from there.Baba forgot about it, and everything that mattered was to get a line Karim a lesson, as he was the one who wanted to steal their right to leave the country and live somewhere else, far from a war. Baba finally let go. veritable(a) Amir admits that he didnt want to see the murderous look on Babas face. I think that it was the first time when Amir got to that point when he saw Baba being so obstinate and angry. When all custody pray for the rescue, Baba is the one who decided not to do so. They ask him why he wont join them, his answer is being given straight away Whatll save us is eight cylinders and a good carburettor. As we know that he always saw the world in black and white. He knows that God wont come from heaven and give them a hand. He is a realist and Khaled Hosseini shows this again, in chapter 10. Baba has been also shown as a person who loves his country no matter what happens and his behaviour proves that he is expiration to miss Afghanistan as he spent his whole life living there. He picked up a handful of dirt from the middle of unpaved road. He candy kissed the dirt. ( ) Stowed the box in his breast pocket, next to his heart. This is an spokesperson of a person loving their country.We could refer to Pope John Paul II who used to kiss ground of his motherland (Poland) whenever he was coming to visit his beloved country. Baba realises, that he might never come back to Afghanistan so that he chooses to have a piece of his land next to his heart for ever. Finally, the author presents Baba as a father too. When they all are in a truck, and they cant tinge easily, Amir starts to panic. Baba knows his son and he wants to make a journey easier to him. Baba tugged at my sleeve and something glowed green in the dark. ( ) Babas wristwatch. .Baba knows that Amir is still frightened therefore he says Think of something good ( ) Something happy. . He h elps his son. Even if he sometimes thinks that Amir is completely different to him, he knows that this is his son and every son necessarily his father, especially when he didnt experience motherly tenderness. To recap, Baba has been shown in two different lights in chapter 10. The author decided to confirm that Baba sees the world in black and white and he also showed that Amirs father can be quite violent and adamant just to protect norms and values that he sees as a priority.On the other hand, Hosseini showed that Baba can be quite caring towards his son. Personally, I think that this is Baba, weve met in pervious chapters but in chapter 10 we get to know him better and he proves that he is not a coward and he can take action in a point of honour. Baba is a role model to me, even if he doesnt seem to be a good father I think that he is just trying to teach Amir how to live a life and how not to become a coward. Amir might not understand it but Baba is a clean and intelligent ma n who has his own ideology and he never makes any mistakes. Baba is the hero, patriot and a good and wise man.

Blood Buffer Essay

ObjectivesAfter completing this exercise and reading the corresponding material in your text, you should be able to1. Prep be a wet mount slide2. Identify structures described in this science lab on slides3. Cite examples of the wide diversity of cubicle types4. Relate differences in structure among cells to functional differences introStructurally and functionally, all living delicategs shargon one common feature all living organisms ar calm of cells. The development of this concept began with Robert Hookes seventeenth-century observation that slices of cork were made up of small units he called cells. Over the next 100 years, the cell theory emerged. It was formally (and indep completionently) presented by Schleiden and Schwann in 1839, and clarified by Virchow a few years later. This theory has three principles (1) All organisms atomic number 18 composed of one or more cells. (2) All life processes derive from the activities of cells. (3) All cells arise from preexisting cel ls. Living organisms are composed of one or m all cells, and every activity that occurs in a living organism is ultimately related to metabolic processes in cells.Understanding the processes of life requires an understanding of the structure and function of the cell. Although cells vary in organization, size of it, and function, all share certain structural features. All are enclosed within a germ plasm membrane, defining the boundary of the living material. All contain a region of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which forms the genetic code. inside of the plasma membrane is water supplyy cytoplasm, and the chemical processes inside the cell occur within this watery medium. Upon microscopic examination, we memorise there are two basic types of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, see the table below to see a comparison of the two cell types.For these following exercise you should workout the highest enlargement possible, because you will be able to see more detail, and you shoul d record your observations at this magnification. Always begin with the lower magnifications, once you fool found your prototype center it and focus it before increasing the magnification. We will not be employ the 100X objective because it requires special handling and immersion oil, so you should use the 40X objective for most observations. What is the total magnification of a sample view with the 40X objective? Remember there is a lens in the visual that magnifies the image 10x, so the total magnification will be 40 x 10 = 400X. function 1 Examining Prokaryotic cells1. What types of organisms are prokaryotic?2. What structures are found in a Eukaryotic cell that will not be visible in a Prokayotic cell?3. essay the samples available at the in authenticing fire of the classroom. Locate a prokaryotic cell and bring it back to your microscope. Name of specimen ____________________4. Examine your specimen under the microscope. resume your specimen under 40x magnification bel ow. Be sure to label any(prenominal) internal or orthogonal structures visible.Exercise 2 Examining Eukaryotic cellsThe cells on which we focus most of our worry are relationly large and complex, although many an(prenominal) details of their structure are only evident with negatron microscopy. The word eukaryote derives from the visible nucleus found in most of these cells. No one cell will show all of the features that a cell might wee, so you will be observe a variety of eukaryotic cells.Protist cellsThe protist kingdom includes eukaryotic unicellular forms (e.g., protozoans, algae, slime molds) as well as some simple multicellular forms. Many are mobile some are photosynthetic others are animal-like, ingesting food particles, or fungi-like, secreting digestive chemicals into the environment. Protists are diverse, often having complex cells. 1. What structures do you birth to see in these cells that was not evident in the prokaryotes you saw?Cultures of mixed protists and /or pond water are available in lab. Many several(p releaseicate) forms may be found in these endings, including amoebas, flagellates and ciliates. (Many classifications of protists are based on how they move with flagella, or cilia, or neither of these.) 2. Examine the specimens available at the back of the classroom. Locate the cultures of protist cells. You will examine two separate cultures. One of the cultures youll examine is the Mixed consortium Protists, you can pick which specimen youll examine for your second sample from the other cultures present in class. machinate a wet mount of distributively culture, drawing material from the debris at the bottom of the culture jolt. Name of specimen 1 Mixed Pond ProtistsName of specimen 2 ____________________3. Observe scratch with scanning great power (4X objective), looking for movement. If you dont see anything, wash the material back into the jar and get another drop. Once you have located organisms, observe on higher po wer (40X objective). If the protists are moving very rapidly, they may swim out of the field of view. In this case, remove the bindingslip and add a small drop of Detain. Detain is a thick solution that will help slow conquer the protists. REMEMBER THAT THE MICROSCOPE LIGHT IS HOT. Turn it off when you are not looking at the slide. 4. Examine your specimen under the microscope. Sketch each specimen under 40x magnification below. Be sure to label any internal or external structures visible.5. What evidence do you see that protists are eukaryotes?6. Attempt to identify the protists you have observed. There are several keys to protists available. Your instructor can help you use the keys if youre not well-known(prenominal) with how they work. Write the name of your protists and your rationale for identification based on the characteristics in the key into your notes.When you have faultless looking at your slide, place the slide in the bleach water.Plant cellsPlant cells are differe nt from animal cells in many ways.1. Name three ways plant cells differ from animal cells below.As in animals, cells of plants are organized into wanders, aggregations of similar cells performing a common function in a multicellular organism. In this part of the lab, you will look at several types of plant cells.Onion dermal cells1. Make a wet mount of a colorless scale of an onion bulb by peeling the thin, membranous layer from the inside of one of the bulb scales and placing it on a slide in a drop of water. This usually works best if you partially slice through a ring, allowing the thin layer of tissue on the inner surface of the flip-flop to be pulled off. Use forceps to arrange the tissue in a drop of Iodine on a slide and cover with a cover slip. 2. Observe your preparation with the microscope, focusing first with the scanning power objective. Continue your study, switching to the low power (10 X) and finally the high power objective (40 X). 3. What course do most of these cells have? What structure maintains this shape?4. What structure is stained by the iodine?5. Examine your specimen under the microscope. Sketch each specimen under 40x magnification below. Be sure to label any internal or external structures visible.6. Which cellular components present in most alternate cells are absent from onion leaf cells?Elodea leaf cells1. Remove a single young leaf and prepare a wet mount. Examine the leaf first on scanning power, past on low power.2. Examine your specimen under the microscope. Sketch each specimen under 40x magnification below. Be sure to label any internal or external structures visible.3. After the cells have warmed a bit from the start of the microscope, you may see cytoplasmic streaming. Microfilaments in the cytoplasm are thought to be responsible for this intracellular movement. What cellular structure do you see moving around the cytoplasm?Animal cellsHuman epithelial (cheek) cells1. Using the broad end of a clean toothpick, gentl y scrape the inside of your cheek. Stir the scrapings into a drop of saline and a drop of Methylene Blue on a clean microscope slide and add a cover slip. Do not reuse your toothpick. DO NOT PUT IT BACK WITH THE CLEAN TOOTHPICKS AND DONT LAY IT ON THE TABLE. Discard it in the BIOHAZARD bag. 2. Because the cells are almost transparent, decrease the amount of light entering the objective lens to increase the contrast. Find the cells using the low power objective of your microscope, then switch to the high power objective for detailed study. Find the nucleus of a cell. Many of the cells will be folded or wrinkled due to their thin, flexible nature. 3. Examine your specimen under the microscope. Sketch each specimen under 40x magnification below. Be sure to label any internal or external structures visible.4. Dark specs on the cells are bacteria, similar to the E. coli you looked at earlier. How big are these bacterial cells relative to your cheek cells?Discard this slide into the peal ing containing the bleach water.Sheeps dividing line (wet mount)Blood consists of two separate a liquid portion (water + proteins) called plasma, and a cellular portion, containing many different cell types, including erythrocytes or red birth cells (RBCs), and leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs). Red blood cells are red because they contain a lot of the oxygen-carrying molecule hemoglobin. The blood sample we have has been treated chemically to prevent clotting.1. Prepare a wet mount by placing a drop of saline and a small drop of blood on the slide. Add a cover slip. Examine a portion of the slide in which the blood is diluted.2. Examine your specimen under the microscope. Sketch each specimen under 40x magnification below. Be sure to label any internal or external structures visible.3. What is missing from these cells that is found in eukaryotic cells?4. How do the red blood cells compare to your cheek cells in size? What shapes are the cells?Discard this slide into the bow l containing the bleach water.Cells Review QuestionsYour answers should be specific and to the level of the lecture, book and lab manual. You may need to use outside sources.1. What characteristics do all cells have in common?2. What characteristics are common to all eukaryotic cells but not found in prokaryotic cells?3. Would you expect that all the living cells you saw in lab contain mitochondria? Explain.4. Did all living plant cells you observed contain chloroplasts? Explain.5. Describe as many differences as you can between plant and animal cells at a cellular level. Do any of these differences relate to the organismic differences we see between plants and animals? Explain.6. How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells compare in size?7. How would you compare a protist cell to a cell from your body, a cheek cell for example, in terms of complexity at the cellular level?

The Different Styles of Narration

Narrators in Film and Novel In this chapter, Stam introduces the diverse styles of cashiers in Novel. According to him, they vary from the first-person report-storyteller to the multiple letter writers of epistolary falsehoods, to prohibitedside-observer narrators of reflexive novels like Don Quixote and tomcat J integritys, to the once intimate and impersonal narrator of Madame Bovary, to the stream-of-consciousness narrators, on to the intensely objective/ subject fieldive obsessional narrators of Robbe-Grillet.What pursuits Stam is the incident that these different styles of taradiddle rotter non be really explained by the conventional marges that exist. That happens because language and grammar atomic number 18 the tush of the traditional psychoanalysis of charge and literature and in this context have leaded to a speech communication base on them, a terminology such as first-person narrator or third-person narrator. This kind of grammar based terminology and appr oach, ass create confusion and obscure facts like writers shifting person and changing the analogy surrounded by narrator and fiction.For Stam though, the most important issue is non the grammatical person as he says, alone the visualise an author has over the intimacy and the distance and how he calibrates the access to a com placeer addresss be intimateledge and consciousness. Literary memoir can be complicated through put down because of the verbal narration (voice over/speech of images) and the capacity a film has to present the different appearances of the manhood.Andre Goudreault says that filmic narration is to a bang-uper extent powerful than monstration (showing) and narration ( obese) and that for him, editing and other celluloidtic procedures consist of the evaluation and the comments of the filmic narrator. This government agency films tell stories (narrate) and at the said(prenominal) time stage them (show). Stam explains that the film as narrator is not a person (the director) or a character in the fiction but, rather, the abstract instance of a superordinate agency that regulates the informants knowledge.In other words le grand imagier and the meganarrator, all names attributed to the narrator, can be considered as the conductor of an orchestra who uses the instruments of cinematic expression as musical instruments. The author (Stam) continues his chapter by explaining how a two-bagger play of forms can be made possible through hale cinema. Voice-over narration and monstration (showing) mutually reenforce each other like in Sunset Boulevard where the scene is conjectural to be a visual manifestation of what Joe Gillis is saying. We will as well as come across that during my paint a portray analysis.In more modernist films like India nisus (1975) and Last year at Marienbad (1961) the two forms contradict each other, in a sense that what is told is not what is being shown. Since sound made its appearance in film, cinema ha s been as Chion says vococentric, it has an orientation toward the human voice, which, in the cinema, according to Stam can provide information and focus for spectatorial identification. A debate has started roughly whether a film can actually narrate. Film theorists intrust that filmic narration is only a fiction of the human mind.They gullt argue of course most films being able to develop certain processes of narration but they state that these processes can only be considered as cheap copies of a narrator. This logic though can also be valid for novelistic narrators. Theorist like Christian Metz, consider film to be a deployment of impersonal narration in which courting the narrator is both the one that provides the fictional world and the one that comments on this same world. Stam chooses to stand on another important matter of narratology, the relationship surrounded by the events told and the temporal standpoint of the telling.For example, whether the telling if the stor y is taking place after the events of the story, which is called a retrospective narration, or prior, in which case, as he explains, we have an oracular or prophetic narration. In some cases, the telling and the events are simultaneous or even interpolated, meaning that they take place during the intervals between the moments of the main action. For Stam, the chief is how all these different settings of time manage to be translated within adaptations. There is the case of embedded narration, where a story contains another story inner it, in a narrative mise-en-abyme.This is the case of the extract I have chosen to analyze. These substories go by the term of hypodiegesis. This occurs when a story contains a sub-story. For Genette, the term diegesis refers to three things, the time and space, the procedureicipants, and the events in a narrative. Around this term he creates terms such as autodiegetic (when the narrator generates and tells his own story), homodiegetic (when the narra tor is part of the story but is not the protagonist) and heterodiegetic (when the narrator is not part of the story at all). Autodiegetic comes from the greek word , homodiegetic from and heterodiegetic from . means narrative and has the meaning of itself. means it has a analogy with something and that it is something different. So when the narrator is autodiegetic it means he is narrating himself, when he is homodiegetic, he narrating about something similar with him and when he is heterodiegetic he is narrating about something different that him. Stam adds that the narrator can be single or collective, a group narrator and that off screen narrators can be single, multiple or even contradictory like in the case of Citizen Kane.He also makes a distinction between living and unawares narrators. A dead narrator would be when at the time the narrator is talking it has been known to us that he is already dead in the story. So the narration would probably take place after the events. Stam continues his analysis by referring to dependableness. Narrators can be completely surmise (like Leonard in souvenir, the movie I have chosen to analyze) ,more or slight reliable, or serve as dramatized spokespersons for the implied author. The modern period has a taste for changing narrators and unreliable ones.This is the case of the bildungsroman, a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to maturity date and in which character change is extremely important. Sometimes, also, the reliability of a narrator as the governess in piles Turn of the Screw can cause difficulty for literary interpretation. Cases of lying narration are also offered in the cinema. What is challenging for Stam, is to find a way to reproduce in a way all the ambiguity and readerly decipherment of the text, on a cinematic register.Self-obsessed neurotic narrators like Humbert Humbert in Lolita, faint market to be relativized by adaptat ion in a severe manner. While the narrator in the novel is autodiegetic, in the film he switches to homodiegetic. The problem is that the discursive power an unreliable narrator possesses is drastically cut back by film because of the multitrack nature of the film. In a novel, thither is only one track available and that is the verbal track, which is of course controlled by the narrator.In a film though, even if the narrator can partially control the verbal track by the use of voice-over or character dialogue, that same control remains subject to a great amount of constraints such as the presence of other characters, voices, objects etc. While its not impossible to portrait an unreliable first-person narration in the cinema, all the problems mentioned above lead us to figure that it would be extremely difficult and could only be succeeded by relentless subjectification in virtually all the cinematic registers.Point of View This chapter of The Theory and Practice of Adaptation tr ies to answer questions concerning focussing and point of opine which is a term that has been regarded as problematic. Point of mass can either refer to an ideological orientation, an ruttish stance or even to the angle from which a story is told. Unlike literature, this term in cinema is always literal because of the camera set-ups that are required. Nevertheless, it can be figurative too at the same time, through the use of cinematic means.For Stam, an authorial point of view can be sensed in films. He explains that the films multitrack and multiform nature are to be seriously considered if we want to understand the cinematic point of view since each and every filmic track and procedure can convey one. Next, Stam takes interest in the relationship between the knowledge of the character and that of the narrator, something that has been referred to as focalization. According to Todorov, three were the possibilities narrators could either know more, less or as much as the charac ters.Of course, one might argue that measuring stick is not always the case, since the two can also know differently. Gennete chooses to make a distinction between narration (who turn tos or tells) and focalization (who sees) and then separates this last term into three sub-terms. Zero focalization refers to narrators who know much more than the rest of the characters. Internal focalization occurs when events are filtered through a character and is subdivided into bushel for when it is limited to a single character or variable for when its passed from character to character.Finally, external focalization takes place when the reader cannot access to point of view and motivations and can only be a saucer-eyed observer of external behavior. Andre Goudrault and Francois Jost argued that the term of focalization can create problems when it comes to the visual medium of cinema since the sound film has the ability to show what a character sees and say what he thinks at the same time. T hey proposed a separation of these two functions by the use of two terms. The first term is ocularization and refers to the relation of what the camera shows and what the character is supposed to be seeing. Focalization was used by the two narratologists to characterize the cognitive point of view adopted by the story. Stam also examines how point of view intersects with style. Adaptations have been considered less modernist than their sources but that is not the case with adaptations like the one of Virginia Woolfs Orlando by Sally Potter in 1992 or Bunuels That Obscure Object of Desire, where, in the contrary, the novels modernism is amplified. The author chooses to conclude this chapter not by answering questions, but rather by asking them.He is interested in the handling of temporality and wonders if instances of Genettes pause take place in the novel and the adaptation, as montage sequences or as unruffled close shots without action. He mentions Cristian Metzs eight syntagmati c types in the cinema (one-shot sequence or self-governing shot, parallel syntagma, bracket syntagma, descriptive syntagma, alterning syntagma, scence, episodic sequence, ordinary sequence) and asks how these types are useful and wonders about the existence of some(prenominal) correlations with temporality in film and their nature.He questions the role of description in novel and film and wants to know if there is a possibility of pure (unnarrativized) description in both of these two mediums and finally sets the question of rhetorical equivalences across them. MEMENTO pic memento is a film directed by Christopher Nolan and released in the year 2000. He wrote the story with his brother Jonathan Nolan, based on a short story published by Jonathan called Memento Mori. The self-coloured film can be divided in 22 colored and 22 dingy and white sequences plus the opening sequence which runs backward and is shown in slow motion.In establish to understand the analysis of the sequen ce chosen (1. 22. 58 1. 48. 43) a brief introduction to the movies plot is requisite Leonard Shelby (Guy Pearce) is a former insurance investigator whose married woman was assassinateed during an assault in their home. During that assault he carry on a head trauma and now suffers from a memory dysfunction which makes him unable to create any new memories after the incident. He remembers of everything prior the incident though like who he is, what his job was and everything about his life with his wife.But each time he wakes up he cant remember where he is, why he is there or what he did and who he met the day before. He cannot trust anyone and his substantial life is one big constant puzzle solving. There is only one thing that motivates him and that is to lookup down and kill his wife liquidator. To collect the facts needed to avenge his wife he has developed a strategy that consists of taking polaroid pictures of everyone he meets, of the place he lives in and so on while a lso getting tattooed on his body every important information he comes across. picLeonards tattooed body In his investigation he is serviceed by two persons, Teddy (Joe Pantoliano) and Natalie (Carrie-Anne Moss). The viewing audience of Memento find out charming fast that a mentally ill character like the one of Leonard Shelby is an extremely unreliable narrator. Nollan gives us hints about the unreliability of human memory . picpic We can also see Leonard being manipulated by others and reservation mistakes while collecting information on his wifes murderer. picpic We can see here that he mistakes the I of the license plate for a 1What is very interesting in the revenge story In addition to Leonards revenge story is the embedded story of Sammy Jankis and his wife which we will encounter in the sequence I have chosen to analyze. pic EXTRACT ANALYSIS Introduction The selected movie extract (1. 22. 58 1. 48. 43) is a sequence shot in Scope like the entire film is and in black and white as half of the movies sequences are. Those sequences were shot that way in order to be separated from the colored ones. Black and white sequences are shown in a chronologically forward order whilst the colored ones are shown backwards and dont have a linear narrative structure.In this ad hoc extract, Leonard Shelby narrates part of Sammy Jankiss story, probably the most important one because it describes how he killed his wife by great(p) her an overdose of insulin. As it is explained to the viewing audience earlier in the film, Sammy suffers of the same condition as Leonard. Leonard investigated his case when he was still healthy and working for the insurance company and refused Sammys insurance claim by proving it was a psychological condition rather than a physical one. Relation between Stams text and the Memento sequenceStam refers in his chapter Narrators in Film and Novel to the case of embedded narration and how embedded narratives generate hypodiegesis. Hypodiegesis occurs when a substory is embedded within stories. In the case of this extract, the story is the one of Leonards hunting down his wifes killer while surveying with his condition , and the substory , the one of Sammy Jankiss condition and how his wife tries to deal with it. In the sequence Leonard is speaking on the phone with someone yet unknown to the viewers who is supposed to be a police officer.During their conversation, Lenny talks about his condition while comparing it to Sammys and decides to speak about what happened to him and his wife. This is when hypodiegesis occurs. pic Once this embedded narrative begins we are the scene is no longer situated in the same place and the characters have changed. As Leonard narrates the camera serves as a visual manifestation of what he is describing. We see him in a room with Sammys wife crying just after we divulge him speaking about how she came to see him in his office.Then he talks about how, persuaded he could snap out of this men tal condition, she put him through his final exam. picpic Then we are transported back to the Jankiss home where Leonard does not describe the fact that she tricks her husband into giving her three consecutive insulin shots (as it is shown) but only talks about how she found a way to test him hoping she would call his bluff. As Stam says a voice over narration gradually gives way to direct monstration, yet we somehow take what is monstrated to emanate from the initial narrative.What makes this substory so interesting is the fact that the story of Sammy Jankis may in fact be the story of Leonard Shelby. Perhaps this whole parallel story wants to show the viewer that Leonards own wife was killed not by a murderer but by Leonard himself. There are several hints that point out the lack of the characters reliability and lead us to conclude that his substory is a fabrication of his own subconscious. Reliability is actually a very interesting issue for Stam and in this case our narrator be longs to those who are almost completely suspect as they are called in Stams text.There are three important moments in the sequence that help us understand Leonards unreliability. The first one is when he takes in his hands a picture of himself (which later we learn it was took the moment he killed his wifes murderer) and turns it the other way so that he doesnt see it anymore. At the same time he says Its completely fucked because nobody believes you, its amazing what a little brain damage will do for your credibility. I guess its some kind of poetic justice for not believing Sammy. picpic The fact that he hides the picture shows the viewers that he does not want to see it.He does not want to see himself while he tells Sammys story, because he wants to forget that it is actually his story. He is lying to himself and wants to believe his lies. His words have also great meaning. He says that nobody believes him and that he has no credibility. He is again talking about himself because it is he that does not believe himself and he knows that he is not credible. His subconscious is projected to the viewers, we can see how deep inside he knows he is lying and he is fighting to believe these lies.As he says he didnt believe Sammy, or, maybe he didnt believe himself? The second hint is given to the spectators when he looks at one of his tattoos which is remember Sammy Jankis and at the same time says on the phone Like Sammy. What if Id make something like Sammy? . pic In this case, a doubt is raised, both in our minds and in Leonards mind. What if he had through with(p) something like Sammy? What if he had killed his wife without knowing it? The ending will show that he actually did kill his wife exactly how Sammy is supposed to have.The tattoo reminds him of Sammy, he needs that tattoo, he needs to be reminded of Sammy, other there would be no meaning for him to continue on leaving. He needs to mask the facts in such a way so that hell have a purpose to go on. r emember Sammy Jankis means to forget about what he did. The last moment that points out to Leonards lack of reliability is the most visual one. While Leonard describes how Sammy was put in a home after the death of his wife, we can see Sammy sitting in a chair at the exact home. The camera starts to zoom in on him, when, at a certain point, a doctor passes in front of him and we have a cut.When the action starts again, the doctor gets out of the way and we can get a glimpse (for exactly 2 frames) of Leonard sitting in that same chair instead of Sammy, just before the scene ends. It is obvious that Nolan wants the viewers to see that Sammy and Leonard are the same person and that Leonard is actually describing his own story. picpic Conclusion Memento is a film with unique narrative structure. The story behind it is rather simple but the narrative structure is extremely elaborate and constant attention from its spectators is needed.The lack of short memory of the protagonist and and t he chaos following him and his attempts to put together the puzzle of his wifes murder are linked to whole storytelling in a very intelligent way. The fact that the main plots narrative structure is backwards and that its certainty is revealed in the opening sequence, along with the mix of color and black and white sequences, can sometimes glaze over the spectators as much as the main character. The spectators are this way driven to identify themselves in Leonard, sharing with him the confusion and the feelings of each revelation, as well as those of the disappointing truth.