The Slums And Shanties Problem In Sri Lanka

The Slums And Shanties Problem In Sri LankaSlums including tenement gardens came into existence in capital of Sri Lanka with the expansion of export swap associated with the rubber boom after the Second World War. The character of Colombo changed in keeping with the new economic demands for w behousing, workers accommodation and the road cyberspace improvement. The urban center core became more congested and the city elite go out into more spacious residential areas in the suburbs. The central break up of Colombo became a predominantly low income residential area with many an some other(prenominal) slums, and the northern and eastern piece of musics of the city were occupied by shanties. half(a) of the population of Colombo has been living for many years in slums, shanties and other types of low income settlements. The 2001 survey carried out by the Colombo Municipal Council has place a total of 77,612 families living in 1,614 low-income settlements in the city. Many of pac k in slums areas can non afford the services provided by the formal sector because of their educational background. The slum-dwellers find their livelihood by working as garbage handlers, cleaners, roadway vendors and other as pickpockets, prostitutes and petty thieves of the migrant population to the main city and people who visit Colombo for various reasons. The informal sector, which is predominantly have and run by the people in the low-income areas, provides the necessary services and goods requisite by the majority of the city in parallel with the formal sector.POLICIES AND ACTIONSinterpreted TO IMPROVE SLUMSThe disposal of Sri Lanka together with the respective local springities has apply several programmes for the improvement of slums and shanties in the city since early 1970s. A summary of these programmes is provided below.1. Before 1970Minimum governing body Intervention No major governing involvement in improving the livelihoods of urban light and people manage d their raw material needs by themselves.2. 1970 to 1977Direct government intervention in preparing and implementing policies and programmes- deed of the Ceiling on Housing Property Law No. 01 of 1973 (CHP Law) incoming of new policies and regulations ensuring the housing rights of urban poor and turn to housing edifice by government to meet the housing need of urban poor.3. 1978 to 1994The government started its interventions by means of a provider access and gradually changed towards enabling admittance in housing improvement. A number of programmes and initiatives were taken place.Establishment of the urban Development potential (UDA)Establishment of the National Housing Development self-confidence (NHDA)Establishment of the Common Amenities Board (CBA)urban Basic go course of study, 1978 1986Slum and Shanty Improvement Programme, 1978- 1984Hundred Thousand Houses Programme and angiotensin-converting enzyme one million million Houses Programme, 1978 19944. After 1 994In 1994, the Government appointed a presidential Task Force on Urban Development Housing to make insurance policy development whichEstablished a Real Estate give-and-take Limited (REEL) programme under the Ministry of Housing, Construction and Urban DevelopmentUrban Renewal Programme implemented by the UDA/NHDAUrban Settlements Improvement Programme (USIP), JBIC/World Bank Funded ProjectMunicipal Councilors Rs.1.5 Million Programme implemented by the Colombo MC5. In 2010The Urban Development representation started to evict street vendors from capital city under supervision of abnegation Minister and that program was hundred present completed.The Sri Lankan government is moving to urge on up the military-supervised eviction of thousands of poor families who live in Colombos slums as part of the City of Colombo Development Plan to attract investors and tourists.ReadingsMainstreaming Under-Served Urban Communities in Colombo, Sri Lanka by Marinne Dhakshike Wickrema Illinois We sleyan University Bloomington, IL (1996)In general, slums may be characterized by inadequate access to water, sanitation and infrastructure compared to the rest of the city. Faced with a growing urban slum population during the 1980s, the Sri Lankan government pioneered the participatory approach and achieved widespread urban slum improvements by mobilizing community decision-making, conducting training workshops and providing grim loans for on-site slum upgrading. The government played an intermediary role and seek to incorporate slum dwellers into the mainstream of the economy and society. In spite of successive upgrading efforts, these residents remained marginalized in terms of city services, infrastructure and kind mobility.The two main policy-making parties are still linked to affectionate welfare packages, especially subsidize housing for the urban poor. The political parties, with the support of semi-political institutions and other pressure groups in the society, star ted using the welfare system as a strong sleeve in gaining political popularity and attacking the political opponents. Sri Lanka Freedom political party (SLFP) holler to provide houses suitable to live in for everybody and the United National Party (UNP) which ruled Sri Lanka for 17 years before the SLFP came to power in 1994, states in its election manifesto in 2005 that they give work towards giving a house to every Sri Lankan, will encourage house ownership and will erase outstanding housing loans.ExperiencesThe Hundred Thousand Houses ProgramIn 1984, the Government initiated the Million Houses Program (MHP). The National Housing Development Authority (NHDA) was charged with leading the massive nationwide program. The program consisted of six sub-Programs. cubic decimeter thousand houses were built in rural areas by the aided self-help method. another(prenominal) thirty thousand houses were built in urban areas through direct construction by the clandestine sector. The rem aining portion of houses targeted the urban poor in Colombo through a slum and shanty upgrading. The urban sub-Programme, consisting of about 300 housing projects in 51 local confidence areas, was launched in 1985.The MHP was notable because the government completely institutionalized enabling apparatuss through a national policy that encouraged local government, community organizations and the benefactive role households to make decisions regarding housing improvements.Sri Lanka won the World Habitat Award for the Million Houses Programme in 1987. The Million Houses Program is frequently listed in the writings as a successful example of institutionalized national policy where the Government facilitated housing construction and self-help upgrading by decentralizing decision-making to the community through community action planning (CAP) which was pioneered in Sri Lanka.Finally, the Report stated as conclusion that the Hundred Thousand Houses Programme was objectively successful in improving the social lives of a selected group of slum dwellers.Participation of private financial institutions in social housing initiatives in SurinameThesis dominate of Public Administration Program in Governance 2008 2009 (MPA Intake III) by Marlon K. PowelThe Government of Suriname committed itself to ensure that the needy households are guaranteed affordable and withdraw housing. As part of its social policy, public houses were built and distributed as letting housing and hire purchase. The house shortage has increased during time because the outturn of houses has been structurally low and cannot meet the demand. The author focused on the confederation approach in social housing in Suriname and explore if a PPP between the Government and the private financial institutions is an appropriate mechanism to address the housing problem of the low and middleincome households more effectively. The author included as conclusion that Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) are not s olution for the housing problem of the low and middleincome households in Suriname. He pointed out that there are no lands available for corporations that build social houses and contracting loans for social housing projects is very difficult. Also banks argue that the risks attach to these loans are too high. Low income households have very limited resources, are often not creditworthy, and have a low repayment capacity. The Government had failed to create a sound enabling environment for the actors in social housing.

Eating Out: A Common Phenomenon Among Malaysians

Eating expose A Common Phenomenon Among MalayansiansEating show up is a common phenomenon among Malaysians. However, the survival of the fittest of a work through and through house is dependent on the hold in house variety, the consumer constitution and the white plague context.With the increase in discretionary in play along and change in life style, dining twirl fall a itinerary has become a common experience among university students. People begin to brook oft experiences in dining that lead to customer expect more than from the eating houses and argon more difficult to satisfy. take place wasting disease life-style is in truth link up to fodder modus vivendi. Kesic and Piri Rajh (1993) stated that feed life-style plunder be desribed through behaviour of consumer as a function of man-to-man char fermenteristics and this tar sterilize be create through the kindly inter exemplifyion of psychological and in all case the past experience of co nsumer.Dine come to the fore is cognise as manipulation of fodder and drink ea ten expose(p)side the folk which is non obtained from the households stocks. Dine out is easily accesible, as in expensive hawker centers, coffee shops, process forage courts and fast- intellectual nourishment restaurants whereas consumers study the ability to favor character references of pabulum and price (Dittmer,2002)Restaurant pulmonary tuberculosis life style among students depends on public lavatory of diet for thought and too restaurant itself, traditionality of food that they serve, apprehensioning about(predicate) health and nutrition, environment or automated teller machine at the restaurant, the variety of menu that restaurants provided and in addition the price of food. provender-related lifestyle has fivesome comp onents fisrt is higher- commit charges of food products, second is consequences of using food product, third is shopping script, forwards is meal prepa ration scripts and fifth is usold age situations.The striking kind, economic transformation, the increases in the vitrines, the absolute number of retail venues and the greater variety of food products fag end forge the consumer purchasing behaviour in restaurant consumption lifestyle. In the scenery of restaurant consumption lifestyle, the muchness that they dining outside of the home course the gate lend an subject what make them to dine out, with whom they usually go to dine out, where the fixture that they prefer and wherefore they take that place.Dine out is not an option for those who argon solo has a limited time, it is alike has become the favorable excerpt for those who like to obtain sunrise(prenominal) alimentation environmnet, changing of menu, and for multitude who unavoidableness to spend time with friend, colleagues or family. In hostelry to fulfill the take, massess leave behind patronize food dish out establishment. People sacrifice author ized evaluative food cling to establishment criteria in their mind, such as the note of the food and returns provided ambience and the price.1.2 Problem StatementRestaurant consumption lifestyle is very general if we lack to discuss among all types of consumers. However, in this enquiry provide try on to get a line about the restaurant consumption lifestyle amidst two major ethnic stems of university students. This research testament come out what the motivating purchasing among two races in restaurant cream criteria.Besides that, this research entrust find out what type of class nowadays consumers preferred to go to the restaurant, for example what the restaurant selection criteria of restaurant consumers more preferred, why they aim that restaurant, when usually they go there, what they expect when they go to the restaurant and with whom they usually go there.These studies have addressed issues such as the relationship between consumer behaviour, the demand patte rn of restaurant consumption lifestyle and factors influencing consumer purchasing behavior. altogether of these issues atomic number 18 related with restaurant consumption lifestyle between two races of students because these issues ar more to social science and behavior of consumers.1.3 ObjectivesThe objectives of this study areTo investigate the restaurant consumption lifestyle between two ethnic stem turns of university students.To get wind the motivation purchasing in down their meal at restaurant.To determine the difference of restaurant selection criteria in normal and special dining out occasion.1.4 Research QuestionsSpecifically two basic research interrogative sentences underline this studyDoes the consumer behavior find out in the restaurant consumption lifestyle?Is it have differences between two ethnics group of university students in restaurant consumption lifestyle?What the motivation purchasing in restaurant consumption lifestyle between Malay and Chinese s tudents?1.5 entailment of the StudyThis paper consists of information on consumers consumption pattern and factors that influence consumers purchasing ratiocination. Indirectly, asshole transform why university student select one restaurant everyplace the some other, the marketer buns use marketing scheme actively to gain market and profit.Besides that, managers similarly rump understand the critical factors that influence customers behavior, loyalty and bliss in the food aid industry and dish them to improve in critical part or areas.All the factors that effect consumers ingest out in food avail establishment may overly directly affect the profitability of the food service of process operations. Therefore, this study is crucial to investigate the factors contri unlessing to overall customers satisfaction and repurchase behavior. A food service manager needs to understand this relationship in order to elicit their customers need and satisfaction.CHAPTER 2 crea te verballys REVIEW2.1 Eating OutIn this study, restaurant consumption lifestyle related with the contemporary patterns and the typic association of eating out and also related with patterns to social and demographic characteristics of households. Eating out has important implications for statewide understanding of nations diet. Eating out become famous trend in many a(prenominal) peoples lives now (Koo et al, 1999).Eating out is familiar among single-parent household and also career woman (Elmont, 1995). harmonise to Finkelstein (1989), eating out dismiss give the leisure agent of what they seeing and world seen in public also it can buoy give the entertained by others. Britain showed that consumers increasingly consume their food outside the home (Driver, 1983). As a proportion of food expanding, eating away from home has been increasing since 1950s.Food and its consumption can examine at several contrasting levels and these will depend for ones purpose, whereas attentio n needs to focus of the fol secondarying nutrients, ingredients, dishes, meals and cuisine. Eating out has twain practical and symbolic significance. People eating out because sometimes out of their necessity and sometimes they eating out because of for pleasure.British Family Expenditure Survey had suggested that people eating out depends on their modes and could be expressed through food consumption (Warde Tomlinson, 1995). The recent official information in UK stated that difference in the social group will give the burdens difference in the frequency of eating out. The income, age, gender, region, class and household composition will influence consumer eating out.The major leisure motive of eating out can found on Mills belief which is relates to the psychological needs of human being (Mill, 2001). Eating out more than to pr correctting from suffering because of not enough food. In this research, results can support that people truly enjoy eating when psychologically as a p art of leisure motive.In addition, the another aspect of motivation on what causes of behavior, Herzbergs two-factor theory such as hygiene factors and motivation can be apply in finding the results. Lack of concern about hygiene factors can cause of customer dissatisfaction.Eating out had its role in modern consumption (Warde and Martens (1998) and eating out also had its significant because eating out can increase the penetration of commodification and consumer cultivation in everyday life. Riley (1994) stated that in Britain there were no ethnic and psychological factors because consumers tend to evaluate their meal experience at the restaurant they went to.Hygiene factor direct specialist to basic consumption on inexpensive food whereas, motivator give signal for self-identity will act to motivate the customer. People whos have different meal options for different motive will produce the relationship between different types of dining experiences. This is can emphasize that mea l can influence the consumers choice of a restaurant meal (June and Smith, 1087).The frequency of eating out may vary, every age group, culture group, social class, and geographical community makes eating out an important from recreation. Eating out on a large scale is an provoke phenomenon of our changing society. Specifically, eating out is defined as patronize to any foodservice establishment by respondents of this study.In this modern society, people eating out for variety of comforting ground, which embroild avoiding from boredom, to socialize, to have different type of food, taste and convenience ( Tom Powers. 2002).Lewis (1981) acquireed five factor for eating out which are food tonus, menu variety, price, atmosphere and convenience factors. On the other hand, Jones (1996) identified sextuplet basic reasons as to why people eating out which are convenience, variety, labor, status, culture or tradition and impulse.ConvenienceThis factor includes those people who are awa y from some reason, who are somatogenicly unable to return at home during normal time and out it conjunction with some other leisure activity.VarietyVariety of food is an important factor to make consumer to one food premise. People, who live in circumstances where the meal experiences are limited, such as in the hawkers stall, may recognize to eat out for this reason.LaborThe desire to have someone else to prepare food, cook, serve and launder up a meal most certainly influences some peoples finish to dine-out.StatusBoth for personal and business reasons people may choose to impress their guess by taking them out to a swank and expensive restaurant.CultureEating can be described as a part of our culture heritage and a manifestation of kinship. For example, in Malaysia, celebration of special events such as anniversaries and birthday are often associated with eating out.ImpulseThis is quite like saying that sometimes people have to no particular reason for eating out, they do so on the spur of movement. However, impulse buying is very significant and that it contri simplyes to sales in the food service industry.2.2 A Theory of Motivation purpose hold dearsThis theory will discuss about consumption nurtures, explaining why consumer choose to buy or not to buy a limited product. Also discuss why consumers choose one product type over another and why consumers choose one brand over another. This theory consists of five consumption values that can influence consumer choice behavior. The five consumption values are serviceable value, social value, frantic value, epistemic value, and conditional value. In making a last, any or all of the consumption values can influence of that.2.2.1 Functional ValueFunctional value is defined as elections mental ability for functional, profitable, or physical performance. An changenative receive the functional value through the utilitarian or profitable and also physical attitudes. Functional value can careful the profile of choice attri thates. Generally, functional value is assumed to be the chief(prenominal) driver of consumer choice. This assumption comes from Marshall (1890) and Stigler (1950), that strictly expressed in toll of rational economic man. Reliability, durability and price are characteristics that derived from alternatives functional value. For example, the decision to purchase food in the fine dining restaurant must(prenominal) based on their income and ability to buy it.2.2.2 affable ValueSocial value is an alternatives association with one or more detail social groups and through positively and negatively stereotyped demographic, socioeconomic, and cultural- ethnic groups. The choice tomography can be measured in profile of social value. The choices baffling tangible of highly products and also for goods or service need to be shared with others are often lead by social value. For example, consumer choose to eat at fine dining may be elect more for social depict tha n for their necessity. Hyman (1942) research about reference groups tell that individual behavior is strongly can influence by their group membership. Rogers (1962) and Robertson (1967) also suggested that interpersonal communication and information dissemination can influence in consumer choice.2.2.3 Emotional ValueEmotional value is perceived from an alternatives capacity to arouse feelings or affective states. An alternatives get the emotional value when specific feelings continue those feelings. The feeling which associated with the alternative can be measured in profile of emotional value. Normally, goods and service are correlated with emotional responses and esthetic alternatives. More tangible products have emotional value for example, some foods can rise the feeling of comfort through their correlated with childhood experiences. According to Dichter (1947) , carried out in motivation research that consumer choice may be lead by noncognitive and unconscious motives. A good and interesting of advertise and decoration of environment in marketing and promotion can stir the emotional responses to marketed products (Martineau, 1958 Zajonc, 1968 Kotler, 1974 Holbrook, 1983 Park and Young, 1986).2.2.4 Epistemic ValueEpistemic value is an alternatives to enhance the curiosity, provide novelty, and satisfy a desire for knowledge. Epistemic value can get from questionnaire items referring to curiosity, novelty, and knowledge. Epistemic value usually provide the overall new experiences and the alternative can be chosen because consumer is already bored or satisfied with their current products or brand for example they want to try new type of coffee brand and they curious in visit a new restaurant or they have desire to analyze in experiencing another culture. According to (Katz and Lazarsfeld, 1955 Howard and Sheth, 1969 Hansen, 1972 Hirschman, 1980), concept of epistemic value has been influenced by theory of exploratory, novelty seeking, and variety of moti ves that suggested activating the product search, trial, and switching the behaviors.2.2.5 qualified ValueConditional value is a result by an alternative of the specific situation facing the choice maker. Conditional value straw man of antecedent physical or social contingencies that can enhance its functional or social value. The choice contingencies are measuring profile of conditional value. The alternatives usually depend on the situation for example, some products of food alone have when seasonal value or some of food exactly have once in a lifetime events. Many products of food have not more obvious conditional association. Hull (1963) and Howard (1969) recognise the importance of learning will take place a result of experience with a given situation.2.3 Restaurant AttributesCustomers have their own reason to want to return to any restaurant. They are constantly seeking tincture, value and desirable environment away from the pressures of daily life. Offering good food an d good service is not enough to realise and retain customers. To gain a competitive advantage, restaurants need to offer good value in a favorable ambience.According to Autys study (1992), there are ten factors influencing restaurant selection decision which are food type, food flavour, and value for money, image and atmosphere, location, speed of service, recommend, new experience, operating hour and facilities for children. However, image and atmosphere were found to be the final choice between restaurants which were similar, and food fibre and food type were the most important factor of restaurant selection.2.3.1 Food toneQuality of food which contain the fresh ingredients has already been rated as the most important reason why customers return to the restaurant (Brumback, 1998). applied science plays an important function to master(prenominal)tain the quality of food. It means computer chips in refrigerators or fryers or ice-makers need to always maintain the temperature to avoid from any waste of foods.2.3.2 PriceThe price is to paid for a service is known as the level of quality to be demanded (Davis and Vollman,1990). Therefore, dining out becomes an organic part of consumers lifestyle, experienced consumers due to their expectations with regard to quality, while seeking a better value for their budget (Cullen,1994).2.3.3 EnvironmentAmbience may give restaurants competitive edge and restaurants need to update their dcor and concepts if they want to attract more customers and compete with others successfull. Belman said that Today, the most important thing is normal and concept. The owner of restaurant need to invest money to create a good of decoration. It can be a good enjoyable and a fun dinner for social able people.2.3.4 LocationLocation plays the main important factor in consumer decision making. It is a critical location aspect of marketing strategy. As Hughes (1996) said that Good location relinquish ready access, can attract large numb ers of consumers and significantly alter consumer purchasing patterns. As restaurant with very similar food offerings proliferate, even slight differences in location decision represent long-term monetary commitments and changing poor locations can be difficult and costly.In a study by Bitner (1992) also found that convenience location and low prices are the prime-ranked determinants of patronage.2.3.5 Service QualityNowadays, customers have also been concerned about the quality of service. Service quality is viewed as an antecedent to satisfaction. Since the customers interaction with the service provider and the service-producing process have a significant impact on the customers perception of service quality and subsequently influence customers satisfaction, marketing concept, such as customer satisfaction should be incorporated into the managements operational decision making process.2.4 Factor Affect Restaurant Attributes ConsiderationThe importance of the restaurant attribut es fit to terzetto main factors which are restaurant types, dining out occasion and occupation, age and income.2.4.1 Restaurant TypesAccording to Lewis (1981), importance of restaurant attributes varied according to the four types of restaurant, which are categorized as fine dining, family, theme and convenience. Fine dining restaurant are friendliness of waiting staff, quality of food and environment. While family restaurant has top four choice variables are location, cleanliness, cost of food and speed of service. The theme restaurants are ambience factors, prestige, quality of food and location.2.4.2 Dining Out OccasionRestaurant chosen according to dining out occasion which are categorized as a celebration for instance birthday, a special occasion and business meal. The top three determinants variables for celebration occasion are quality of food, type of food and menu item variety. Whereas for special occasion are cleanliness, service and type of food. On the other hand, for business meal are quality of food, prestige and ambience factors (Kivela, 1997).2.4.3 Occupation, Age and IncomeKivela (1997) has suggested that the determinant choice variables also changes according to occupation, age, and income segments. pecuniary people make their final restaurant choice on the arse of cost of food because of limited budget, location due to convenience, speed of service and quality of food.2.4 Consumer Behavior in Food Service IndustryConsumers have potentially to deals with all ways people that may act in their role according to study about the consumer behavior ( Schiffman and Kanuk, 1991). In hold of consumer behavior there are more tends to focus upon behavior that related to searching, buying, used the products and also services. Normally, consumer will be assumed as groups and they will be identified through geo-demographic noticeable quality and they also will take as true to have common attitudes.Food service literature consist example of segmentati on field of studys for example demand for different types of restaurant to different socio-economic segments. It shows that different of demographic and income will give the effect less of demand in consuming of food compared with population tightfistedness of metropolitan areas.In this study the purchase behavior is related to the act of consumers towards restaurant consumption lifestyle and according to Black salubrious (1998), consumer behavior in food service industry always related with how people buy, when they buy, what they buy and why they buy. He also stated that consumer behavior in food service is a subcategory of marketing that combines all the elements from psychology, sociology, socio-psychology, anthropology and economics.However, Gordon (1980) was used the behavioral sciences specifically for social psychology and sociology to understand more what customers wants and needs. He mentioned that through consumers psychological backgrounds can investigate the consumers in order to establish the extent to which factors like attitudes, motives and personality traits affect buying behavior. Whereas, social can influence such as class, status and also family. These were contributed to the understanding of consumer decision making.Mattila et al. (2002) had mentioned that the purchasing of food is a complex phenomenon. This is because the food must be available when consumer wants it, always at an affordable price and quality of food is in acceptable level. All of these will arrange consumer to select the right kinds of restaurant in order to eat their food for overall well being as well as to meet nutritional requirement.Food service industry has characteristics in an apart of the service sector which is in financial and passkey services. However, Campbell-Smith (1967), it is much related with food choice and quality but at the uniform time food service offer meal experience to which many factors. Some of the restaurants characteristic in finding th e consumers are choice and quality of food and drink, the price or value, service, atmosphere, location and convenience. (Auty, 1992 Gregoire et al (1995).However, Pettijohn et al. (1997) found the three most important for consumer in selecting the restaurant are quality, cleanliness and value. Whereas, the atmosphere in the restaurant and also the variety of menu which offered in the restaurant were not relatively important. Many studies showed that quality of food was very importance and consumers expert see the service as several factors that influenced in quality of restaurant offered.According to Kara et al. (1995), demographic of consumer will give the different expectations of the type of food served, location of restaurants and also the cost of the food they spent. Not only the attribute values concerned with consumer satisfaction, but the wide value also can concerned in consumer satisfaction for instance, the choice making in the individual at the time they purchase is ve ry significant point that can affect in restaurant consumers satisfaction.CHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionThis research used the qualitative method which is individual interview. The information obtained from this research is estimable to food service industry to understand what the consumers expect from them and can help food service industry to improve the satisfaction among consumers. In order to do so, methodology and procedure were designed to ensure high quality and standard of the study in obtaining reliable information. This study will include the location of the study, take procedure, data collection procedure, and research instrument and data analysis.3.2 Location of the studyThis research need to compare the restaurant consumption lifestyle between student and working people, so the interview was conducted fully in Universiti Putra Malaysia. This place was used because there is a lot of Malay and Chinese students thus, reliable information can be obtained among the respondents.3.3 Sampling externaliseThe sampling method used in this study wwas convenience sampling. This sampling method is selected because it is convenience and relatively quick. The respondent will well-fixed to get to do the interviewing. In this study, a total of respondents are 30.3.4 Research actorIn this study, the interview question was unstructured question and the answer will depends on the respondents. However, in this research there is still have question for the respondents. Respondents were asking aboutWhere and what kind of place or restaurant they eat most often.What type of food they eat often and why they choose that type. Respondents need to describe the food due to taste, colour and appearance.In what way the food is convenience for them.What the purpose or motivation factor they eating out?If they have special dish to eat, when they will go out, what they want to eat and why they want eat it.Did they will go only restaurant that sell of the food for exampl e they will go Italian Restaurant or Pizza Hut if they want to eat Italy food.In one week, how many times they eating at the restaurant?What the criteria they will choose if they eating at the restaurant? Why?PriceQualityConvenienceHealth3.5 Data AnalysisThis research was analyzed through interview content. The data from interview need to transcribe carefully and therefore starting to analyze each of the respondent interview. The content analysis consists of study and re-reading the transcripts looking for similarities and differences in order to find objective and to develop categories.DSLR or a Digital television television camera?DSLR or a Digital Camera? The first mass use camera became available at the turn of the twentieth century and can be traced back to the year 1900 and during the 20th century the pace of technology development in cameras and photography keep at an accelerated pace much like many other key technology developments, skillful like how a digital camera evolved into a DSLR. My question now is if you are willing to buy a camera, should you buy a DSLR or a Digital Camera? This is a question that you need to answer for yourself and this is why I am writing this essay, for you to decide. Let us now start with their pic quality, followed by their over-all performance, and finally their major differences. In DSLRs, one cannot always preview how a picture will be exposed instead, metering and experience must be relied upon, unconnected in digital cameras where in megapixel rating is the main thing to consider when determining a cameras quality. Digital cameras generally have small image sensors which mean that the quality that they produce is generally lower. This is slowly changing in some digital cameras but in comparison to DSLRs they still have a long way to go. Its worth saying however that if youre not planning on using your images for major enlargements or in professional applications that the quality of digital cameras can be m ore than enough for the mediocre user, although based on the survey conducted a lot of people would alternatively prefer a DSLR than a digital camera regardless of their skills in photography. When it comes to over-all performance, a DSLR camera has a feature set that well suits both amateurs and more experienced photographers alike. Fast performance, incredibly detailed images, and a solid live view implementation making DSLRs an excellent choice for more experienced photographers. While DSLR cameras are perfect for professional photographers digital cameras on the other hand offers great ease of use for beginners for it packs long billows, is abbreviate and has a stylish body, and it is an excellent all around camera thats idea for travel and general purpose photography. Digital cameras are remarkably easy to use and produce great results when set to intelligent auto mode, but even though digital cameras seem to be easier, a mass of the people still prefers a DSLR. One of the major differences between a DSLR and a digital camera is what prevents people from buying a DSLR, its price. purge though DSLR prices have come down each and every year, they are still significantly more expensive than digital cameras considering that you might want to upgrade your lens of the eye or you may wish to add more lenses later and that this adds to the cost of a DSLR, but 19 out of 30 people still think that the DSLR is more cost efficient. Zoom is also one major difference, since all DSLR lenses can be removed from the camera body, the zoom mechanism are entirely manual. To change the view you have to twist a ring on the lens. This manual zoom rattling results in a faster zoom. You dont have to wait for the motors to move the lens and out unlike that of the digital camera, you can just twist the zoom ring as fast or as slow as you like. You can clearly see the difference between a DSLR and a digital camera when it comes to size and weight because DSLRs are heavy and big when you add a lens or two to your bag kit, you can end up with quite the load Unlike in a digital camera, you are simply able to slip the camera in a pocket to the point of not even knowing youve got them with youThe personnel of the conducted survey is that since a majority of the few people who answered the survey chose the DSLR as their ruff choice, it is possible that majority of the people will also choose DSLR as their choice since DSLRs are very popular to beginners and pros alike. The weakness of the survey on the other hand is that only a few people were able to answer it so we cannot fully investigate what the people really think about DSLRs and digital cameras. We cannot say that the DSLR is the best choice just because 30 people said so. Although the obvious choice for most is the DSLR but it is still best to ask individually rather than assuming that the DSLR is the best choice. If you want a portable camera that takes good enough pictures that youll in the fir st place use for small prints, for uploading pictures on facebook, and one that youll mainly shoot in auto mode, Ill probably recommend a digital camera, but if youre after the image quality and youre desire is to use the manual settings, indeed I highly recommend a DSLR. I also recommend people to buy a digital camera first rather than jumping into a DSLR without even knowing the basic of taking pictures.

The Popularity Of Hollywood Movies Media Essay

The Popularity Of Hollywood Movies Media EssayIt is believed that Hollywood is the greatest stateal source of entertainment for some(prenominal)(prenominal) people of e really last(predicate) ages, races, sexes, and ethnicities. Hollywood ikon industry depicts numerous images of a variety of races by unwrap its films for much than nine and a half million dollars in 2002 (U.S. Census Abstracts, 2002). Despite the wide variety of submits, characterisations and images produced by Hollywood, interview of discordant backgrounds be tout ensembleowed to generate thoughts, views, and opinions that go a long with their suffer perceptions. Therefore, m some(prenominal) films appear to be non-redundant and convenient though they implicitly imply wide variety of iterate plots, characters, and specific characteristics. Regardless of the quality direct of pictures, they last for long times as they be hard to be imitated or kindd.Plato states, in the Republic, those who tell the stories as well as rule society (Shaheen, 2001, p. 5). The close effective images argon those left behind contri buting in establishment auditory modalitys beliefs, opinions and attitudes toward certain events and nations. Arab and Moslem culture was a main target and satisfy for Hollywood characterisation industry. Savage (2002) believes that Hollywood films amaze a study influence on the Ameri lay some public, and millions of people amaze grown up believing that they know Arab and Muslim culture d wizard what they view on the big screen (Savage, 2002, p. 8).Hollywood word picture industry has strongly ceremonious its popularity in the United States and worldwide. gibe to Shaheen (2001), Hollywoods motion pictures reach nearly every mavin. cinematic illusions be created, nurtured, and distributed world-wide, reaching more than 100 countriesNo so ir do contemporary features abdicate the film theaters than they atomic number 18 available in picture stores (Shahee n, 2001, p. 5). Teenagers and children were one of the most touch auditions by the sustained popularity of Hollywood movies. Shaheen (2001) remarks that teenagers be avid moviegoers and nowadays purchase four out of ten movie tickets (Shaheen, 2001, p. 5). It is as well noned that Hollywood movies and American media ar consumed by one hundred fifty nations worldwide (Shaheen, 2002). However, the conceiveings of images conveyed by Hollywood movies to audiences play a crucial image in shaping various classs of peoples. capital of Minnesota (1998) comments on research findings formula later tout ensembley, Studies indicate that stereotypes atomic number 18 automatic exclusivelyy or unconsciously generated in the mind, and that categorizing is an of import range of the mental process of evaluating the world (Paul, 1998, p. 52).Hollywood film collectrs employ various stereotypes as an effective tool that establishes protagonists and antagonists however, frequent appearanc e of Arabs in shun roles affects audience to believe that such(prenominal) carrys argon genuine and true. The conventional myths just virtually Arabs reach beyond ordinary audience to convey self-perpetuating when more films take for granted the comparable premises. El-Farra (1996) states, it is the myths about Arabs which often inspire directors, producers and screenwriters to develop a production which is then based on stereotypes (El-Farra, 1996, pp. 4-5).Stereotypes Existence and Harm agree to Paul (1998), the stereotypes explain why things be the room they are. Other scholars believe that A person develops stereotypes about a sortfrom information and disinformation, distortions, and/or opinions do available through family, friends, and the media (Abreu, Ramirez, Kim, Haddy, 2003, p. 693). Generally speaking, stereotypes can prejudicially affect any race, ethnicity, or a group of people if the negative implications about such groups are synonymous with their m embers. Abreu et al ( 2003) say that when one perceives an individual as a member of a particular stereotyped group, the perceivers mind activates the group-relevant cognitive structure and processesjudgments and attitudes within the framework of that particular stereotype (Abreu et al., p. 693). Crocker and Major (cited in Pitner, Astor, Benbenishty, Haj-Yahia, Zeira, 2003) report, holding negative beliefs about other groups is functional in that it could fill out the image and esteem of ones own group.Therefore, Hollywood movie makers can acquaint some races as favorable for audience whereas others cultures are placed in the negative side of audiences awareness. Several of Hollywoods most blatant patterns of bias authorize within the categories of race, ethnicity and/or study origin included in this group are negative and/or stereotypical portrayals of Arabs and Arab-Americans (Cones, 1998). All races may be shown as negative groups at certain times however, some races such as Arabs and Arab-Americans are featured negatively all the time.Seen through Hollywoods twisted lenses, Arabs look different and threatening. Projected along racial and phantasmal lines, the stereotypes are deeply ingrained in American cinema. From 1896 until today, filmmakers render collectively indicted all Arabs as Public Enemy 1- brutal, heartless, uncivilized religious fanatics and money-mad pagan others readiness on terrorizing civilized Westerners, especially Christians and Jews. (Shaheen, 2001, p. 2)Several terroristic events which took place to begin with family line 11 had been exploited by media and Hollywood movie makers to show Arabs as terrorists in spite that Arabs were not involved in those events. For example, Arabs were blame for the bombings of okey urban core and World Trade Center even before investigations launched, and all Arabs were blamed for the invasion of Kuwait by totally one Arab countrified (Iraq). These events were used to convey a cont entedness to public saying that Arabs cannot be trusted since they foul crimes and spile destruction against pityingity as a whole.Popular culture of any people is formed in part through their know touchge and experiences which are mostly acquired by fortune media. Shaheen (2001) believes that individuals are influenced by a continuous flow of seen one, seen em all headlines (Shaheen, 2001, p. 28). Therefore, Hollywood movie industry depends upon current evets and headlines to influence their desired perception for earnest goals when producing new movies. harmonize to Goodstein (1998), Each set of villains reflected headlines and anxieties of its erawith Soviet pretensions shattered and aliens from outer space pass, the new cinematic rival is the Muslim extremist.Stereotypes and Myths About Muslims, Arabs and Arab-AmericansEl-Farra (1996) defines a stereotype as the creation of a slanting opinion or view- an individual will take the behavior of one person and state that all people belonging to that particular group, be it an ethnic, religious or social group, behave in the same dash (El-Farra, 1996, p.1). In this sense, Hollywood portrays target groups stereotypes as absolute truths ignoring the fact that on that point is exclusively some truth born by these stereotypes. However, focusing on and encouraging confirmatory portrays of certain stereotypes make audience view all related members positively.It is believed that in spite of many procedures have been taken to mitigate stereotypes of certain racial and ethnic stereotypes, Shaheen (2001) thinks that Hollywoods stereotype of Arabs remained the same. Over the last ternary decades stereotypical portraits have actually increased in number and severity (Shaheen,2001, p. 28). Portraying Arabs in negative roles all the time even through fictitious stories rather than factual ones whether in movies or TV shows leaves audience more likely to view Arabs as if they really act the roles portrayed in m ovies and shows and thus public think that all Arabs can only behave accordingly. Therefore, such negative portrayals of Arabs enhance the publics biased judgments, views or attitudes toward Arabs nation and culture. After years of virtual invisibility, Arab-Americans are finally finding intumescency in Hollywood movies- as terrorists and villains. They are only the latest in a long line of ethnic groups and nationalities cast in stereotypical bad-guy roles (Goodstein, 1998).According to Shaheen ( 2001 ), in that location are four types of myths that pertain to the Arabs and Arab-Americans stereotypes They are all fabulously wealthy, they are barbarians and uncultured, they are sex maniacs with a penchant for unclouded slavery, and they revel in acts of terrorism (El-Farra,1996, p. 2). such(prenominal) myths about intentionally imagined Arabs stereotype encourage all participants of Hollywood movie industry including directors, producers, and screenwriters to make their films and TV shows accordingly. In fact, scholars find it hard to explain these re proveations of Arabs. For example, Shaheen admits such dilemma stating, I cant say the celluloid Arab has changed. That is the problem. He is what he has always been-the cultural other.In fact Arabs are not the only group that is subject to negative portrayals of Hollywood. Some critics remark that other minorities stereotypes such as African-Americans and Latinos have been characterized as queasy. Shaheen (2001) stated that History reminds us that the cinemas hateful Arab stereotypes are remindful of abuses in earlier times. Not so long ago-and sometimes withal-Asians, American Indians, non-whites, and Jews were vilified (Shaheen, 2001, p. 4).On the other hand, Cones (1998) believes that in that location is no such constraint on depicting Arabs as crudey and oversexed or shifty-eyed and violent (Cones, 1998). Therefore, it is state that in spite of the sufferings Arabs and Arab-Americans face as a pu blication of fictive images in the public eyes, Hollywood does nothing to improve or change the current situation of Arabs image in public eyes.This view can be understood and interpreted appropriately if one considers how Hollywood plays a crucial role in directing hatred against Arabs and Arab-Americans. To achieve victor in this regard, Hollywood has employed its pre-identified image of Arabs as evils and enemies of humanity in many related media productions (Savage, 2002, p. 7).However, the frequent work of picture certain stereotypes negatively may not achieve the expected profits for Hollywood movie industry since they would exclude those races and ethnicities members from lists of consumers. Those ethnicities would view such negative images of their cultures as offensive which may reduce their interests in Hollywood productions. Therefore, Hollywood movie makers may think that audience of various backgrounds particularly Arabs would be open-minded nice to view such media campaigns against them as entertainment rather than vicious anti-Arab propaganda. In case that such audiences were not up to Hollywood expectations, Hollywood may have done skillful and critical risks in that it would not only threaten its industry but would also contribute to the creation of national and international political struggles that are based on racism and religious discrimination.(Cones, 1998).A group of factors underlie the exposure of Arab stereotype to negative images in Hollywood. These factors include political reasons, profitable box offices, apathy, and the absence of Arab-Americans in the industry. However, Shaheen (2001) ironically says the fact remains You can hit an Arab lighten theyre free enemies, free villains, where you couldnt do it to a Jew or you cant do it to a black anymore, affirms Sam Keen(Shaheen, 2001, p. 6). The negative image of Arabs in Hollywood productions could also be portiond to what other minorities experienced along the course of form ing their cultural awareness and experiences in that Hollywood aims at founding a bad-guy whom exists as battle terminate in movie industry. This is certainly easier for movie makers than attempting to establish other stereotypes in the mentality of the mainstream society.Hollywood audience especially American people have little knowledge about Arabs and Arab-Americans. The main sources of knowledge about Arabs multi-culture are represented for Americans through depictions provided by Hollywood movies and mass media. Convenience of audiences in what is portrayed for them regarding Arabs images may be the most important factor that support the frequent negative productions of Arabs and Arab-Americans. Shaheen believes that convenient stereotypes make it easier for movie producers to create and en full of lifen negative images of Arabs including making good joke of Arabs and inserting a stumbling and bumbling dude or an Arab terrorist. Levesque (2002) states, We all know what they look like from watching movies and TV without any thought required. (Levesque, 2002).Reviewing the state of art may reveal that thither is a need to create a balance of stereotypes depicted by Hollywood however, it is believed that such notion is not insistent or crush since there is no real action to support or at least to reduce the impacts of what is going on in Hollywood movie industry. According to Cones (1998), Hollywood movies involving Arab characters demonstrate that the U.S. film community portrays Arabs in a stereotypical manner and that little or no effort has been make by Hollywood filmmakers to balance portrayals of Arabs with positive portrayals (Cones, 1998).Historical, Cultural, and Religious background of Muslims, Arabs and Arab-AmericansHollywood industry may have misrepresented most information about Arabs background. It is believed that this industry associate Arabs history with negative attributes such as terrorism and violence which contributes to the proces s of demonization and dehumanization (Savage, 2002, p. 4). In Fact Hollywood defines the term Arab differently. For example, the word Arab is used to describe any person who is earlier from the Middle East countries regardless of their diverse cultures, beliefs and religions El-Farra (1996, p.1). The term limits individuals and countries within a distinct target that is open to stereotypes and bias.However, Shaheen thinks that the term refers to the 265 million people who continue in, and the many more millions around the world who are from the 22 Arab states (Shaheen, 2001, p. 2). historically speaking, a mixed ethnicity have existed in the Arab world which from 5000 BC to the present. According to Shaheen (2001), The Scots, Greeks, British, French, Romans, English, and others have occupied the area (p. 3).In fact, Arabs have crucially contributed to the ontogeny of human civilizations. For example, Shaheen (2001) says that Arabs have developed essential sciences that are consid ered bases of modern technologies including algebra and the plan of zero, for instance. He adds that many English such as algebra, chemistry and coffee tree are of Arab roots. Arabs proved to be pioneers in several sciences in the pump age. For example, they created and used astrolabes for navigation, star maps and celestial globes in astronomy. In addition they are the first who used the concept of the center of gravity. Moreover, the water clock is one of their conventions besides inspired the European Gothic style in architecture. In Agriculture, the Arabs were the first nation to introduced oranges, dates, sugar and cotton and to use water irrigation nets.According to Shaheen (2001), 70 percent of the population is under the age of 30 (p. 3) who are mostly share common language, cultural heritage, and religion (Islam). That does not mean that there is non-Muslims in the Arab world as it has been thought by some. Shaheen states that though the vast majority of them are Muslims , about 15 million Arab Christians inhabit there as well (Shaheen, 2001, p. 3). The same can be claimed regarding the Arab-Americans who recline in the United States. Shaheen claims that the majority of the United States Arab-American population is also Christians about 40 percent are Muslim (Shaheen, 2001, p.3).In spite that mass media keeps attempting to show Islam as a religion of terrorism, Muslims are Americas fastest emergence religious group, and they include immigrants from more than 60 nations, as well as African-Americans(Shaheen, 2001, p. 4). Hollywood movie industry and other American media prefer to show all Arabs as Muslims. Shaheen thinks that A majority of the worlds 1.1 billion Muslims are Indonesian, Indian, and Malaysian, but only 12 percent of the worlds Muslims are Arabs. Shaheen indicates that Moviemakers geld this reality Repeatedly, they falsely project all Arabs as Muslims and all Muslims as Arabs. As a result viewers tend to cogitate the same attribu tes to both peoples (Shaheen, 2001, p. 4).On the other hand, the religion of Islam does not go untarnished. As a result of the representations of stereotypically fanatic Arabs that are bent on destruction, Islam is assumed to be cerebrate with acts of mass destruction and violence. Todays image makers regularly link the Muslim assurance with male supremacy, holy war, and acts of terror, depicting Arab Muslims as hostile alien intruders, and as lecherous, oily beaus intent on using nuclear weapons (Shaheen, 2001, p. 9). It is noted that portraying Arabs and Arab-Americans by using such negative characteristics has, alikely, led to presenting Islam to most movie viewers. Shaheen (cited in El-Farra, 1996) says, In an attempt to place Islam in a family line that Americans can understand, the media portrays images of Muslims as belonging to a faith of 800 million people, consisting of strange, whiskered men, in robes and turbans.According to El-Farra, the distortion of Islam leads audience to think that it is a private religion prone that encourages acts of terrorism, violence, and fanaticism. These themes are maintained by movies industry (El-Farra, ). On the other hand, the majority of Hollywood movie makers and other mass media ignore basic facts about Islam including its message that calls for equality and peace.In order to show respect and appreciation for Muslim religious leaders, arabs call them as. Shaheen defines the word sheikh literally as a wise elderly person, the head of the family (Shaheen, 2001, p.19). However, it has in all misuded by Hollywood and moviemakers. in the 1920s he was a shady sheikh, wiggling his eyebrows and chasing the Western heroine around a tiled courtyard. After the 1973 oil crisis producers regenerate the image of the fabulously wealthy and slothful sheikh (Shaheen,2001, p.19). instead of book binding sheikhs as wise men or leaders of society, screenwriters often present them as stooges-in-sheets, slovenly, hook-nose d potentates intent on capturing pale-faced blondes for their harems (Shaheen, 2001, p.19). The negative image of the sheikh appeared to shift, by time, to one of excessive violence. Shaheen (2001) says that earlier movies would depict indolent sheikhs lounging on thrones. But, contemporary films present oily, militant, ostentatious sheikhs reclining in Rolls Royces, aspiring to buy up chunks of America ( p. 21). Further, recent images have completely changed portrays of sheikh even from the Arab definition of the term.According to (Shaheen, 2001, p. 21), current movies introduce anti-Christian and anti-Jewish Arabs armed with nuclear weapons, and plenty of oil and cash. In fact these views are always produced in the context of Islam which is showed to unloose violence against the West, Israel, and fellow Arabs.Movie makers have not drop arab women from their alike(p) negative considerations. For example, shaheen (2002) notes that Arab women in the Middle East are portrayed gener ally as bundles of black cloth, submissive harem maidens or carrying jugs on their heads. He adds that They have no identities whatsoever, and theyre always mute (Shaheen, 2002). Shaheen(2001) believes that image makers can make personal and political statements depending on the customes and steryptypes women are presented in. he adds that By covering the reel Arab woman in black and relegating her to silence, the costumer connect her to oppression. But throughout the Arab world, women wear a variety of apparel. (Shaheen, 2001, p. 23).Shaheen (2001) states that Arab woman are usually portrayed with negative roles in Hollywoods movies. For instance, they usually appear with no effective acts wearing black dresses all time. Shaheen (2001) also emphasizes that even they do not have speaking or working roles. such(prenominal) extremum negative portrays of Arab women in Hollywood images may lead audience to link Islam with negative message of oppression against women rights. The consta nt negative portrays of women and their ideology of Islam leave strong effect against the social and cultural life of Arabs and Muslims as a whole among audience. Therefore, Hollywood ignores the fact that Arab and Arab-American women can effectively be positive contributors to their society or humanity in general.Economically, Hollywood images keep skeleton Arabs as the only owners and suppliers of oil around the world. Thisw results in making audience believe that arabs life is based on only oil event without having other economic resource to live on. On the other hand, Hollywood and in hulky world audience think that OPEC is an Arab organization disdain the fact that only seven of the thirteen OPEC members are Arab nations. Moreover, According to El-Farra, 1996), of the louvre largest oil-producing countries, only one is an Arab nation, Saudi Arabia (p. 2). However, one may not be sure whether people around the world really believe that. For example, an economic editor stat es that the worlds supplies of oil and price levels are manipulated and controlled by greedy Arabs (El-Farra, p. 2). Such pre-identified ideas may only contribute to continuing negative attitudes toward Arabs and Arab-Americans.Current Events Involving Muslims, Arabs/Arab-Americans big(a) amounts of present worldwide events may also have contributed to drawing peoples attitudes, perceptions and feelings toward Arabs and Arab-Americans. Such events may have also affected Arabs image in Hollywoods eyes. For example, the Arab-Israeli departure is considered one of the most important factors that is used to feed audiences attitudes toward Arabs. This conflict which protracted along more than half a century period and still going on may have provided the American media with a abundant source to portray Arabs as extremely truculent while Israelis who are generally supported by west are innocent victims.Kressel (cited in El-Farra, 1996) believes that the American media which be conside red the strongest around the world practiced unequal roles in covering the Arab Israeli conflict attempting to put Arab states as powerful ones depending on violence and aggressions in their conflict with Israel who, in turn, is portrayed as a small country found in the midst of aggressive large states. Arabs in this image are shown as those who dishonor Israel which tries its best to protect democracy, freedom and its people lives.In this sense, Mark Twain (cited in Shaheen, 2001) says, We are all ignorant, just about different things. However, when it comes to the Middle East, many Americans are ignorant about the history and plight of the Palestinian people (Shaheen, 2001, p. 26). Shaheen thinks the repeated negative images about Palestinians which portrayed by Hollywood movie makers and mass media left a myth among audience that all Palestinians are the enemy of humanity, violent and extremely terrorists.Apart from Israeli-Palestinian movies supported by Hollywood, one notes t hat human dramas show Palestinians as a normal people who is characterized with universal humanitarian attributes like all peoples. These incomparable art works with Hollywoods portray Palestinians as innocent victims whereas Israelis as non-merciful occupiers. One cannot find a Hollywood movie that present reality about Israeli soldiers and settlers who frequently attack Palestinians farms to root out their olive orchards or threaten Palestinians lives as it appears in some media news. Shaheen (2001) states that there American movies does not show the everyday actual struggle of Palestinian families under the highly pressing occupation, Palestinian refugee camps which are considered the largest in the world, or how Palestinians are exposed to most difficult circumstances in their pursuant(predicate) to get back to their own home land (Shaheen, 2001, p. 26).Research has indicated that viewing Arabs as terrorists repeatedly directs American audiences attitudes to take them as enem ies. According to Martin (cited in El-Farra, 1996), the word terrorism was used by the press in describing events and individuals they disapproved of. Yet, when describing these same acts by individuals who are not Arabs, the media was careful to appear neutral and unbiased.On the other hand, Shaheen states that news reports selectively and relentlessly focus on a minority of Arabs, the radical fringe. The seemingly indelible Arab-as-villain image wrongly conveys the message that the vast majority of the 265 million peace-loving Arabs are bad guys (Shaheen, 2001, p. 28).In the 1990s Arabs and Arab-Americans images got worse in American audiences eyes. For example, the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, which led to the second Gulf War, and the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center lead some Americans to believe that all Arabs are terrorists and that Arabs do not appreciate human life (Shaheen, 2001, p. 29). This, in turn, strengthens the ideology that Arabs are aggressive and real enemies of America. Moreover, public opinion seems to be influenced directly by the way these events were cover in mass media. Therefore, both the intentional negative use of media against Arabs and the supreme prior stereotypical judgments were the main reasons of the continual Arab-bashing according to Shaheen (2001). Further, some movie makers found that such portrays of arabs provide them with rich opportunities to justify their productions. Shaheen remarks that the news programs which are used by some producers and directors deny that they are actually set-aside(p) in stereotyping. Shaheen reports their objection literally when they say, Were not stereotyping, just look at your television set, those are real Arabs (Shaheen, 2002, p. 29).It is noted that the disappointing use of media has been occurred through a prejudicial way presented during the issue of Okalahoma City Bombing. According to El-Farra (1996), In 1995, within minutes of the event, news reporters were insinuating that the bombing was an act of terrorists. Raised with less-traveled stereotypes of Arabs, the American public was quick to develop images of Arab terrorists destroying American property (El-Farra, 1996, p.1).Government officials were also quick to point an accusatory finger at Middle east terrorists.An Arab-American spokesman believes that the American people were so quick to blame Arabs for Oklahomas events as a result of Hollywood movies negative influence upon them. Cones (1998) states that most Americans, including politicians and media leaders, have been affected by Hollywood propaganda.According to El-Farra (1996), even experts of terrorism (e.g. Steven Emerson) do not believe Islamic groups when they denied involvement ( p. 1). Consequently, it was hard for the American public to attribute terrorism to Americans themselves that is why El-Farra (1996) states that terrorism appear in movies mostly points out unconsciously to Arab culture and people. El-Farra (cited in Bazzi, 199 5) points to the 1995 report of American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee which indicates that 250% increase in hate crimes against Arabs were from the previous year (pp. 1-2). According to (Cajee, 1995), The Oklahoma Hate and agony Report states that along the period taken to arrest the suspect herds grass McVeigh all people of middle eastern appearance have become suspects in bombing Alfred Murrah Federal Building. Therefore, Muslims and Arabs, in particular, were the most to suffer from the bombings effects. it was also found that manifistations of arabs and American arabs of suffers included widespread fear and intimidation, commonplace communicative harassment at school, in public and in the workplace, and a square number of physical assaults and hate crimes (Cajee, 1995). Cajee (1995) found out that reports of most serious events of hate crimes includeReports that associated Muslims to terror bombings of Oklahoma led some risky Americans to attack an Iraqi young refuge es home in Oklahoma City on April 20th and cause loss of her baby.The windows of a mosque and community center in Stillwater, Oklahoma were caused by drive-by shootings on April 19th and 20th.Using knives to attack Arabs in an apartment parking lot or beating a student in a supermarket parking lot were only some examples of physical assaults reported by students.It was reported by Local Islamic centers and some Arab or Arab-Americans that they were frequently exposed to an onslaught of hate calls.Therefore, Arabs, Arab-Americans, and similar ethnicities were the core subject of unjust and violence in a very short period of time as a result of medias aggressive influence against them. Shaheen (2001) states that Though no American of Arab descent was involved, they were instantly targeted as suspects. He adds that Speculative reporting, combined with decades of harmful stereotyping, resulted in more than ccc hate crimes against them (Shaheen, 2001, p.7).Negative stereotypes may impac t the perceptions of the public particularly when they are related to their attitudes toward certain races. Moreover, such stereotypes may also affect the way some races feel about their heritage, culture, religion, and self-esteem.Repeatedly over time, movie makers in Hollywood use some images of stock caricatures to focus on. For instance, American Arabs or Muslims are frequently shown as members of isolated communities until audience believe that Muslims are entirely different from other Americans (Shaheen, 2002). Therefore, movies which include true depiction of Arabs and Islamic culture seems to be nonsexist in Hollywood most of the time.In fact, there is a big need for founding new positive images of Arabs and Muslims in American movies and mass media. However, most Arabs and American Arabs believe that they are a subject of embarrassment whenever they have to replace audiences negative attitudes towards them by more objective ones.This sociological and psychological dilemma i s strongly exist among Arabs and Muslims themselves who live in America. The most affected category in this regard in the children. In order to avoid embarrassments resulted from the wide influence of media and Hollywood movies upon Arabs, one can easily note how Arabs avoid introducing themselves as Arabs or Muslims. For example, it is noted that they deny their original identities saying literally, Im not Arab, Im Spanish, or Im Italian. Therefore, the widespread of negative attitudes toward Arabs results in killing Arabic heritage and leaving feelings of shame among Arabs (Shaheen, 2002).According to Monteith (cited in Paul, 1998), by five years of age, many children have defined stereotypes about blacks, women, and other social groups. He adds, Children do not have a choice about accepting or rejecting these conceptions, since theyre acquired well before they have their own cognitive abilities or experiences to form their own beliefs they must compete with all the forces that would promote and perpetuate these stereotypes peer pressure, mass media (p. 58).In the same sense, at a time Arab youth learn negative stereotypes of Hollywood movies, arab children would find it hard to go long with this image as long as they have their own Arabic heritage. According to Shaheen (2001), the lasting images of Arabs in media and movies contributes, to great degree, in shaping their perceptions towards themselves and

Advantages and disadvantage of four alternative dividends polices

Advantages and disadvantage of four alternative dividends policesThe loyals dividend represent _or_ system of g e realplacenment must be produced with two basic objectives in mind, which be maximizing the wealth of the bulletproofs owners and providing for suit commensurate financing for future projects. According to Gitman, Juchau Flanagan (2008) dividend pay pop come to the fore balance indicates the function of individually sawbuck earned which is distributed to the owners in the form of hard currency. Constant-pay tabu- proportionality dividend form _or_ system of government is when a rigid establishes a certain per centumage of net that ordain be paid to owners individually socio-economic class. Through out the history Adamson has followed the pr crookice of gainful out somewhat 60 share of its boodle as cash dividend constantly all(prenominal) year. The dividend fluctuated with meshwork from year to year. A major shortcoming of this policy is that i f the signs earnings drop or argon volatile in a inclined full point, the dividends may be low or even non-existent.According to Gitman, Juchau Flanagan (2008) constant dividend policy is based on the payment of a fixed-dollar dividend in distributively period. It succeeds gradeors with positive information indicating that the firm is doing well and it minimizes uncertainty. Usually firms using this policy lead make up the fixture dividend once a proven summation in earnings has occurred. Under this policy, dividend almost never decreases. One of the advantages of the regular dividend policy is that it results in a stable dividend stream over time, opposition the needs of apportionholders who require resolution of uncertainty. Adamson Manufacturing callers majority make doholders are retired individuals, college endowment funds, income-oriented uncouth funds and other investors who are seeking in lofty spirits return and over the one-time(prenominal) years the friendships dividend has been fluctuating with its earnings which does not gave a veracious impression about the orders financial health. Such could like to get a regular dividend each year so that they are confident comme il faut to continue holding divvy ups in the go with. On the other hand, disadvantages of regular dividend policy are there may be times when the bon ton allow for need to access capital from external source such as borrowing loan to pay dividend when the social club is not generating enough earnings per share. Also, there may be times when the smart set will switch excess cash on hand.Low-regular-and- unneeded dividend policy arse be establish when the caller is paying a low regular dividend, supplemented by an surplus dividend called bare dividend. By adopting the low regular dividend, the ac caller toilette stage investors the stable income necessary to build presumption in the company, and the extra dividend permits them to share in earnings if the company experiences a cash surplus. When considering Adamson Manufacturing Company, Joel Norman and Allison hold out strongly suggested that the dividend payout balance should be condensed from 60 percent, because they think lavishly dividend payout is inappropriate for the company because of the capital limitation which recently forced the company to turn down some expansion opportunities that promised relatively high arrange of return and they have too noted that several other directors who has bounteous holdings in the company has been paying high tax place of 40 percent of all dividends received to the government. The company should consider low-regular-and-extra-dividend policy, as it also addresses the issues of resolution of uncertainty and allows the company to distribute extra funds. However, under this policy there still may be some times when the firm will have to go to external equity market when it faces a great need for equity capital because of many go od projects. Also, if the company declares too many extras in a row, the investors may expect the extra dividend all the time.Under Residual Dividend Policy dividend paid by a firm should be viewed as a residual that is the amount left-hand(a) over afterwards all acceptable investment opportunities have been undertaken. The advantages of residual dividend policy are that lower cost sources of financing are utilise and funds are distributed to shareholders on which the company cannot earn a charge per unit of return greater than weighed average cost of capital. However, the disadvantages of residual dividend policy can be the number of good capital projects will diverge from year to year and because the profit will also vary from year to year, the dividend over time will be highly variable including no dividend in one year and high dividend in another year. The stream of dividend will spoil the reputation of Adamson Manufacturing Company of paying unstinted dividend over the p ast years and a lot of shareholders will be forced to trade in their shares and reinvest in other company who will be offering high dividend payout proportion.Gitman, Juchau Flanagan (2008) states that clientele effects exists where the firm will attract shareholders whose preference with see to the payment and stability of dividends correspond to the payment pattern and stability of firm itself. Shareholders who desire stable and predictable dividend as a source if income holds the shares of a firm that pay about the same dividend amount each period and shareholders who prefer to earn capital gain are more(prenominal) attracted to development firms that reinvest a large portion of their earnings. doubtfulness 2Advantages and disadvantages of an announced dividend policy.The of import advantage of having an announced dividend policy is that it reduces investors insecurity, and reductions in insecurity are for the most part associated with lower capital costs and higher simple eye monetary values, other things universeness equal. The disadvantage is that such a policy major power decrease somatic flexibility. However, the announced policy would possibly include elements of flexibility. Therefore, it would be attractive for directors to announce their policies. The profits of a company can either be re-invested in the company or paid to its shareholders as a dividend. In modern Zealand, the amount and frequency of dividends is decided by the mesa of directors. When a company announces the dividend policy even though it has made a loss during a year, it has to continue paying dividends from the uphold earnings from previous years or to suspend the dividend. Where a company receives a non-recurring gain, e.g. from the sale of some assets, and has no plans to reinvest the earnings is often returned to shareholders in the form of a special dividend. This guinea pig of dividend is often better than usual and occurs outside of the normal dividend distr ibution schedule. marvel 3Effect of payout policy on produce rate of earnings per share.Sustainability crop rate is calculated by multiplying Plough-Back ratio by sire on Equity. Plough-Back ratio shows the proportion of earnings that is not paid out as dividend but retained in the company for future investment. go along on Equity is the amount of net income returned as a portion of shareholders equity. It measures a companys profitability by stating how much profit a company generates with the shareholders has invested. According to Tatum (2010), a sustainable step-up rate is the amount of growth that a company can achieve and hold on an on-going basis without borrowing money. It is the highest growth rate the firm can primary(prenominal)tain without increasing its financial leverage. Sustainable growth rate depends on plowback rate and return on equity, firm may grow rapidly in short term by depending on debt finance but these lawsuit of growth cannot be maintained witho ut incurring excessive debt take aims.Question 4Low payout ratios have high determine/earnings ratio.According to Ogilvie Parkinson, (2006) the family between dividend payout policy and hurt Earnings Ratio is that entity with high Price Earnings ratio ha a low dividend payout ratio. The data shown in Table 3 for selected Stock Market shows Companies with low dividend payout ratio has high average cost-earnings ratio and vice versa. Gitman, Juchau and Flanagan, (2008) states that the firms financial requirements are directly colligate to how much it experts to grow and what assets it will need to acquire. A growth firm is likely to depend on internal finance which is by retained earnings and is likely to pay out still a very pocket-size percentage of its earnings as dividend. Investors looking for capital growth may prefer lower payout ratio because capital growth is taxed at lower rate and a high growth firm for the most part pays low or zero dividend. Wikipedia (2010) st ates Price-Earnings ratio is a measure of price paid for share relative to the annual profit earned by the firm per share. Stocks with higher forecast earnings growth will normally have higher Price-Earnings, and those judge to have lower earnings growth will in most cases have a lower Price-Earnings.As per Table 3, Data world-wide has zero dividend payout percentage with highest average Price-Earnings ratio of 22. Avon Products has highest dividend payout ratio of 57 and low average Price-Earnings Ratio of 13. Data General is a growth firms who is retaining all its earnings for future investments and the shareholders can emolument from capital gain.Question 5Reduction in the dividend payout rate would ontogeny the price of origin versus such a reduction would drastically reduce the price of the stock. nigh investors prefer company to reinvest its earnings back into the headache for future growth but many appreciate a generous cash dividend payment. Investors prefer dividends i s because of the tax advantage they are getting. New Zealand has dividend imputation character reference policy where the company pays tax on its profit and then distributes the dividend to the shareholders. The investors are given the tax credits (imputation) so that the dividend is not double taxed.Dividend payout ratios provide important insight into a companys dividend policy. Adamson Manufacturing Company is currently paying 60 percent of its profit and retaining 40 percent for future growth. There is an railway line between Rose and Walker, that if the dividend payout ratio is decreased, the price of the stock will increase and if the dividend payout is decreased, the share price will also decreased. A high payout ratio like Adamson manufacturing Companys, it suggests that the company might be paying out more than it can comfortably afford. It not only does leave a small percentage of profits to plough back into company, but also it leaves the company highly vulnerable to a spurn in future dividend payments. Because the act of change magnitude dividend is usually interpreted as a sign of weakness, when a dividend cut announcement is made it will trigger a decline in share price. Even if the company plans to keep the 60 percent dividend payout ratio, it will end up having increase debt ratio. The company debt ratio has increased from 16.80% in 2001 to 60.80% in 2009.According to Wikipedia (2010), share price is strictly a result of supply and demand. If the demand exceeds supply then the share price increases. Conversely, if supply exceeds the demand then the share price decreases. The principle scheme is that the price movement of the share indicates what investors feel a company is worth. Some investors might understand that it is for positive reason why the company is decreasing its dividend payout ratio, decreasing dividend payout ratio is generally positive sign, it shows that company is more able to cover its dividend payout with its earnings a nd reduces the borrowings. Thus, the debt ratio for the company would purify in future.Question 6Would a stock dividend or a stock reveal be if use in this situation?According to Gitman, Juchau Flanagan, (2008) share bring out is a method commonly used to lower the market price of a firms shares by increasing the number of shares belonging to each shareholder. For example, in a 2 for 1 stock split, investor who owns 100 shares of stock cute at $100 per share to begin with the stock split will own 200 shares valued at $50 per share after split. After share split the investor owns twice as many shares, with each share worth half as much as before the stock split. The main purpose of share split is to reduce the share price of a share in order to make the share more affordable to investors.According to Mapsofworld (2008) stock dividend is the distribution of additional shares to the investors. The main purpose to offer stock dividend is to generate funds for the company. When com pany makes profit, a certain percentage of the profit is distributed to investors according to their amounts of shares in the company. These dividends are in form of additional shares known as stock dividend. There are several reasons why companies might choose to provide share dividend to its investors. The company may have some shortage of liquid cash, because of this the company might it difficult to provide cash dividend to its shareholders. It is also possible for the company to invest more money from earned profit to raise the production level.The company should use stock dividend, the reason being the company has been paying out a constant cash dividend of 60 percent every year to its investors and has been loosing all the opportunity of expansions with relatively high rate of return and also, investors has been paying 40 percent of their dividend to government in the form of tax. Cash dividend is gloaming for the company and as well the investors. Moreover, companys current ratio has deteriorated from 505 in 2001 to only 1.71in 2009 and debt ratio is increased from 16.8% in 2001 to 60.80% in 2009. These fluctuations in the ratio shows that the company is loosing all its liquid cash in form of paying dividend and further, the company is borrowing money to maintain the 60 percent payout ratio. By adopting stock dividend the company can overcome the cash problem and also can keep investors happy by issuing high dividend payout in form of shares and not cash.Question 7Specific dividend policy should be recommended to the board of directors.I would recommend Adamson Manufacturing Company to adopt low-regular-and-extra dividend policy. Dividend policies of companies around the world vary considerably. In New Zealand one of the major incentives for investing in the stock market is that New Zealand has no capital gain taxes. Therefore, investors should show a preference for companies that retain earnings rather than paying high percentage dividend. Companies with many growth opportunities tend to pay lower dividends, which is to be expected because the funds are required to finance growth and shareholders are automatic to forgo current income of hope of greater future benefits. Because companys goal is to increase shareholders wealth the dividend policy is one that maximizes the value of firm. When a company pays out dividend, it decreases the amount of earnings that can be used to finance growth. As a result, companies pay little or no dividends because earnings are retained to reinvest in the company.Adamson Manufacturing Company would in better position if adopting low-regular-and-extra-dividend policy. By establishing low-regular dividend that is paid each period, the firm gives investors the stable income necessary to build sanction in the firm and extra dividend permits them to share in the earnings if the firm experiences an especially good period. Firms using this policy must raise the level of dividend once proven increase i n earnings have been achieved. The extra dividend should not be regular event, otherwise it will become meaningless. Adamson Manufacturing Company should reduce dividend to around 10 percent to less than 30 percent to pay regularly depending on how much profit the management wants to retain for future growth. Paying regular dividends is often considered a sign of confidence in the company and retaining part of the profit can reward shareholders by adding more shares and wealth. Low dividend payout and retaining majority of it profit can help improve the companys current ratio and debt ratio. Current ratio shows the companys ability to pay short-term engagements. The higher the ratio, more capable the company is of paying its obligation. A ratio under 1, suggests that the company would be unable to pay off its obligation if they came due at that time. Adamson Manufacturing Companys current ratio decreased drastically to 1.71 in the main because the current asset decreased due to de cline in cash by paying 60 percent of its retained earnings as cash dividend. Debt ratio compares the companys total debt to its total assets which shows the amount of leverage being used by the company. If the ratio greater than 0.5, most of the companys assets are financed through debt. Adamson Manufacturing Companys debt ratio increased significantly due to the company borrowing debt to finance cash dividend. Low-regular-and-extra-dividend policy will help the company to overcome its ratio problems and will company to hold its dividend payment consistency.

Why Mrp Is Needed For A Organisation Information Technology Essay

Why Mrp Is Needed For A Organisation reading Technology EssayMRP is the acronym for Material Requirements supply .It port proviso or estimating the materials that argon require to seduce or devlope the end up harvest-tide ground on the affect.It involves in employment seening and farm animal realise formation.MRP II is defined as Manufacturing Resouces Planning. Man Machinary Material atomic number 18 the three of import re man-made lakes which diminishes with the measure and that be to be excogitationned actu all(prenominal)y effectively and efficently for originative come inputs by any organisation or effort. This MRP II is the extension for MRP.To lead in detail what is MRP and MRP II in Manufacturing industries and protrait its scope, advantages and its serve well in the industries.To line the differences betwixt MRP and MRP II and advantages of all(prenominal)(prenominal) facultys.To determine companies that bear implemeted MRP and MRP II suc essfully.How these employment concernes per motleyance had helped them in automating their personal credit line what are the airs that occur while executeing the MRP and MRP IITo identify what type of companies and how more(prenominal)(prenominal) companies are sucessfully victimisation these melodic line appilcations.To identify the exact factors in the successful execution of MRP, MRPII and ERP systems in manufacturing industries.ObjectivesThe objectives of the fancy areTo str etcetera out a critical review of MRP, MRPII and ERP literature with a exceptional emphasis on the capital punishment of these systems.To know what are the holy person methodologies that should be followed to implement these MRP and MRP II at divergent enterprises.To assoil the acquaintance of disparate modules in MRP and MRP II.To study and understand how these submodules interact with each around separate during the parentage process.To gain familiarity about the new(prenomina l) credit line appilications which are much in use and advantageous when compared to MRP and MRP II.Choose a suit qualified methodology for consulting businesses on their implementation of MRP, MRPII or ERPObtain the views of business / go with leadership on the factors influencing the successful implementation of MRP, MRPII or ERP.Consoli regard practice ground experience with literature based advice to create a lessons learnt list or top tips for the implementation of MRP, MRPII or ERP and the differences between these three systems.Write up dissertation.Research questions Selecting and sucessfully Implementing a new manufacturing proviso system is very main(prenominal) a management task in an enterprise for productive outputs and for for grasp objectives and targets of the entrprise.Some of the block up list questionire that indispensablenessed to be dicussed while going for implementing MRP and MRP II.What signifier of Enterprise is it what are its products and tra nsmission line Process.What are the reasons for selecting MRP and MRP II as a solution for their business.What are its requirements?What they are expecting form MRP and MRP II ?What take of automating they take up through MRP and MRP II?What are the problems at their facility?What level of desegregation they are looking at ?They need lisenced coating or freehanded ware Application(Based on this the woo and time are estimated.)Had they ever implmented an Business Appli follow out before ?What are the problems they are facing with the existing business finishing?How is the selective information and orders, evolution regarding different things to be maintained in the appliaction?What kind of reports and how some reports that are undeniable to be generated ?List Of Companies Using MRP and MRP II packet Arts Inc.PEDYNWrigleyTOYOTAABBIORShellSt.Jude MedicalPallFujji filimWesco distri unlessionRaymedicaGlobal eggbeater Technology Inc.MOTOROLASimmensHPCompaqALTA ManufacturingEMS SymyxMaterial Requirements Planning -(MRP)MRP is the acronym for Material Requirements Planning .It kernel preparation or estimating the materials that are compulsory to produce or devlope the end product based on the demand.It involves in ware planning and caudex control system. The main Idea or focus of the MRP system is to compound all the business info systems of a ogrganization so that it would help in incr solace in productivity. This plays a very valuable role in managing manufaturing process.Joseph Orlicky made a detail study about the TOYOTA Manufacturing Program and intentional Material Requirements Planning (MRP).It was sucessfully implemented intially in 150 companies, Later this trope had raised to about 8,000 by 19882.Even very small manufacturing companies cigaret implement this MRP Very sucessfully.MRP nookie be veiwed as a planning ray intentional specifically to assembly operations. The main aim of MRP is to allow each manufacturing unit to forecast its supplier what parts it requires and when it requires them. The material supplier may be within the Organisation or an extraneous supplier. When combined with MRP II it is probably the most popularly utilise planning and programming tool.MRP was created to apportion effeciently the suck up do dependent demand2 Undersatnding or calculating how galore(postnominal) of a particular(a)(a) component is required to produce the products or end goods.Advances in randomness Technology and computer hardware made the calculation possible.An MRP system is designed or expected to meet three objectivesTo Esitimate correctly the materials needed to produce the finished products and are delivered to the customer at right time.Maintain the concluding possible level of inventory.Plan manufacturing activities harmonize to the demand or orders raised, livery issues and schedules, procurement activities.The primary function of MRP system is inventory control, bill of material-B.O.M bear upon and elementary scheduling. MRP is mainly used to maintain low inventory level in an organisation. It is used to schedule and organize manufacturing, procurement and delivering activities.The MRP System is used beacause to maintain order entry in to a organization.Once a tell apart Entry is made thus all different departments which are relate to that order and manufacturing departments are activated and are put in to action wish healthy Inventory control,Bill of Materials(BOM),purchasing department,Manufacturing department,invoicing and shipping department etc.Functionalities of MRP Include use up Forecasting4Order Planning ,Controlling4BOM-Bill of Materials4Inventory Controlling4Priority Planning and Control4Planning mental object Requirement and Development of Broad Business Plans4Fig1 Various Functions that MRP deals 4Why MRP is needed for a OrganisationCompanies need to utilize their resources and plan their resources very fountainhead in very efficnetly sothat they al way of lifes meet the demand of the customers with out snuff it because loosing a customer for a lodge is permanent loss so they turn out to be hearty organized to avoid troubles in planning the manufacturing of the products according to the demand.and too the organisations select a very big issue in order to produce the finished goods akin procuring the suitable stabbing materilas from correct and reliable vendors.Organisations or Entereprises have to plan which products are to be produced and in what quantities and they should be in a position to forecast that they are able to meet current and future demand of the customerand that too it should require the goods at lowestr possible cost. If any organisation is making any negative decision at any level hence they would lose fundsreulting a failure in strategic business planning. Some of the examples are quoted on a lower floorIf a company procures wrong materials and quantities from a wrong vendor consequently they would fail to meet the client requirements and at last fail to deliver the products or goods at the agreed go out.If a company fails to predict or plan correctly alike(p) quantities required to be purchased like purchasing more or execessive quanties where a less qunatity is required for production then its a waste and remains as stock in warehouses and may neer even be used at alland its a waste of money as a unecassary procurement is done. However, some purchased items exit be of stripped-down quantity than the required quantity in that locationfore, procurement of excess quantity is necessary. get-go the production of an order with out proper planning and intergation and coordiantion with other departments in a organisations could end up in not meeting the customers deadlines or demand.So for this reason a organisation or a enterprise requires a well tightly intergated tool that could interact with all departments to fetch out the business in a profit making way.MRP is a tool which primarily focuses to provide answers for several questions and to a fault to deal with problems like1What items are required?1How many a(prenominal) are required?1When are they required?1Issues with MRP systems entropy IntegrityData integrity is the major Issue set about by the MRP Systems and MRP Customers. If any slip or errors done while con shapeuring the reach entropy like inventory data or BOM(Bill of materials) data then the expected output data will also be incorrect.Most get of customers who are implemeting these system are expecting data interigty for more better results. conviction PredictionThis duration Prediction is also a major issue face up by the MRP System or the Mrp customers because here the drug user have to specify the time needed to manufacture a end product or finished good from the procured induvidual parts .But Unfortunatley the sytem everytime assumes this Lead time is homogeneous for every product or good that are manufatured in tha t orgaisation or manufacturing unit i discoverive of the Quantiy of finished good that is to be manufactured and avilabiltiy of machines and manpower etc. available.InterCommunication IssueThis is also an another issue faced by the faced by the MRP System or the Mrp customers.If the customers organizations or factories or warehouses are hardened at located at different geographical locations and intercommunication is not posible between them .An Ideal ERP or MRP finish should dominate this issue by able to communicate between differnet warehouses factories for distributing goods,products based on the demand of the customer for the goods.Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP II) MRP back be expanded as Manufactuing Resource planning which means planning the resources of a manufacturing company in a effective way and efficient way in persepective of time for getting maxium scratch.This hind end beat the or it can be veiwed as a extension of MRP. This is package natural coveri ng which is developed by many skilled people and interconnected with a dedicated data base accuracy. This is an lotion which is used by the prganisations for productive and well utilization of charitable resources.MRP II is not a free software system or a open source software system.Thus this MRP II drill appears in different formats or structures depending on the clients business requirements .Genrally these MRP II practises are purchased form other MRP devloping companies in the form of licenses or it can be a in-house software devlopment.Every MRP II system is devloped with different modules because as it is known differnet business s have different kinds of requirement and solutions, so the modules in MRP II system will be different. MRP II system have the following basic modules operate action Schedule (MPS)3Item Master Data (Technical Data) 3Bill Of Materials (BOM) (Technical Data)3Production Resources Data (Manufacturing Technical Data) 3Inventories and Orders (Inventor y Control) 3Purchasing Management3Material Requirements Planning (MRP)3Shop stand Control (SFC) 3Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)3Standard Costing (Cost Control) 3Cost coverage / Management (Cost Control)3All the above listed modules and with few other auxilary modules are tightly integarted together so that they can intercommunicate very well and take a leak on same data and exchange information,and that would be a ideal model for any MRP II performance and this kind of ideal ,good MRP II applications programme enables the manufacturing enterprise to operate in a objective way. This MRP II application is completely different from Point-of solution approach which is operated through induvidual systems and this MRP II application is fully conflated and fully interfaced application. Which enables the user to interact with application more friendly.Many manufacturing industries have implemented MRP II systems sucessfully. Different Industries have different requirements like f ew of them need specific functions like lot traceability,Man actor Management etc.Fig Different modules in MRP II System4.Advantages of using MRP II systems Inventory Control. 3Scheduling 3Productive relationships with suppliers3Improved design control3 role control 3Reduced capital for inventory 3Improved cash feed in through quicker deliveries 3MRP II IssuesIdeally MRP II should have over fetch the MRP problems or d untoughenedbacks. Unfortunately in MRP II most of software implementers or consultants failed to understand master scheduling.So they failed in implementing modules like master scheduling and capacity planning correctly making the new MRP II application also look like old MRP application.Inaccurate dataTo Control the business or to run the business in a successful bankable way the data that is entered or the records that are present in the inventory module or BOM-Bill of materilas etc.,should be very accurate. But these MRP II software packages failed to understand the needs and business requirements which became a challenge to MRP II implementors to decently map the packages to the business.so this made the data or records accounting entry in to the modules inaccurate.Time FacctorMRP II implemetation takes long time to implment on a average a MRP II implementation takes 18-24 months of time for implmentation.Requiremnet for technical man power and machinaryThis MRP II needed huge number of technical consultants and business people and machinary for its implementation4.Helped only manufactring companiesIt confiend its benifts or results only to manufacturing process organisations and failed to extend its benefits to other modules or other sectors.4It Could not effect other modules like quality management and other management issues4Comparission between MRP and MRPII SystemsBoth MRP and MRPII systems are business applications which is used to integrate the different functionalites in a business process and provide business information when r equired from a central and dedicatd database.MRP is deals with manufacturing materials while MRPII deals with the coordination of the entire manufacturing production and it also includes materials, finance, and human relations3. The goal of MRPII is to provide accurate data 3.MRP takes the gossip from sales and marketing and then it forecast and determine the raw materials demand and required for manufactuirng. Both MRP and MRPII systems depends on a Master Production Schedule.MRP deals with the coordination of raw materials procurement while MRPII involoves in the development of a detailed production schedule taking in to account machine and labor capacity, scheduling the production or manufacturing according to the arrival of materials in the inventory. An MRPII provide Data about the cost of production, including machine time, labor time and materials used, as well as final production numbers3.Allocating resources is the major advantage or devlopement of MRP II system from MRP s ystem.Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP)Enterprise Resource Planning can be defined as or it can be silent as well planning of all the tangible resources or preishable assests of a company in a effective and efficient way with respect to time .Here the the resources are mainly1.Man2.Machinary3.Money4.MaterialThese are well planned and well utilized in a enterprise .An ERPs true ambition is to integrate all the modules across the compnay on to a single unit that can serve all the those deparment needs. It is a business appliction which should facilitate the flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the organization and manage the connections to outside stakeholders5. This ERP application has a centralized database with a platfrom independence or sometimes platfrom dependent and some programming language. ERP systems consolidate all business operations into a uniform and enterprise wide system environment5.These ERP systems used to come on sigle ser ver environment which used to be a point of accumulation but now a days all ERP sytems are opting for client-server architechture.There are 2-tier architechtures, 3-tier architechtures among these 3 tier architechture is the best suitable for ERP Systems.Every Compnay or organisation look for ERP because it increases profits,reduces human rick and provides secured and accurate data helps in expanding their business in different countires as these ERP applications deals with multi currency also and helps so work becomes simple and easy and business will improve and can make profits if they are sucessful in implementing ERP application to their business process. Every company grows in to big organisation or enterprise and departments, functionalities also increses or grows depending on their requirment so ultimatley data and paper work in each department increases considerably.So the organisations started looking for a software application that could automate all the business proces s and tightly integrate all the functionalites in that particular organisationand have a smooth flow of data, so thus came the need of ERP. Ideally an ERP application should have the charecteristics like 1.All the data and application should stop on a single database.2.Entire application when accesed by different users at at different geographical locations should same look and feel.3.It should work like a real time application.4.A user should be suitable of accessing anyh information or data at any time from any location.5.It should be accurate and capable of generating reports for a business application.Enterprise resource planning came as a extension of MRP and MRP II .The MRP II drawbacks were completely fullfilled by ERP applications .ERP was dominently sucessful in capacity planning The term Enterprise resource planning originally derived from manufacturing resource planning and breeching its effect in to other modules like quality control,inventory control , warehouse manag ement ,logistics,finance and control,sales,distribution,human resource and payroll management.Thus ERP is very sucessful in processing or automating a business applicatoins.ERP sytems became more demanding when they became capable of dealing with customers directly through a functionality called CRM (Customer Relationship Management) and by entering in toe-business.now a days these ERP applicatins are both desktop application and web based application.Every ERP application is cutomized based on the cutomer requirements so that the ERP application look as though it is the software devloped only for that business requiremnet.figDifferent funtionalites of a MRP application 5the above shown are the different funtionalites and module that are ideally coverd in a ERP application.Generally when organisations think of implemeting the ERP application for their business application they can either go for a in house production or buy from other vendors who implement ERP application for their b usiness process or they even can opt for trinity party vendors who study their businees process and implement the customized ERP application for their organization.There are many ERP vendors in the market and to name a few these are the preponderating ERP Implementing players mugOracle great dealsoftIBMJDEdwardsRamcoBannCAWingsSSAGEACJBAAmong the above listed ERP companies SAP AGs ERP called SAP is the well known ERP. Many third party vendors are there in the market who are implemeting SAP to the enterprises or organisations who need a ERP applicaton.SAP is so famous because it is easy to implement and all the modules are tightly integrated and their success rate is also considerably good when compared to other ERPs.Recent studies show that markert share of each ERP application ,SAP at 51%, People soft 12%, J.D. Edwards 8% and BAAN 5%. So by these statistics we can confirm that SAPERP is well used and opted ERP in the current business world.SAP ERP is so famous when compared to th er Companies ERP because all other ERP applications provide only single functionality but SAP Provides all functionalites like sales and distibution ,Customer relationship management,Supply chain mangment,Business inteligence,Fianace and control ,Material management,human Capital management etc.ERP application main intention is to increase profits ,improve business ,expand business, to easily access the information of one department by other department ,help to reduce operating cost,make day to day managmet more easy,easy decision making,increase in productivity . So every organisation should have its own ERP application implemented in its organisation to compete in the current business world.it make them to easily with other MNCs present at different geographical locations.figMarket shares of each ERP application8Advantages of ERP application fuse all the functional areas together5The capability to streamline different organizational processes and workflows5The ease of communicatio n of information across various departments5Improved efficiency, performance and productivity levels5Enhanced tracking and forecasting 5Improved customer service and satisfaction5some ERPs are open source so reduce cost.Disadvantage of ERP ApplicationLevel of customization is limited.Highly expensive systems to implementLimited technical stick uplong time taking process to implment.Effective Methods Of Implmetation Learnt through role studiesThese ERP applications should be implemented by following some ideal methodologies for implementation other wise the implementation could fail there are many cases for ERP Implentation failure.All the companies who are implemnting the ERP applicatin to automate their business process were sucessful there are many failures.As implementing a ERP application for a company is a very mazy process and it involved huge budget and long time as the specifications and requirements used to change.ERP implementation gets failed cod to the follwing reaso nsFailing to analyze the business process correctly.Improper collection of clients or customer requiremnts.Lack of technical consultants. mishap in the data migrationWrong configuration of master data.Lack of knowledge of the newly implemented system in the organisation among employees.Failure in gerating required reports.Failure in analyzing time and money required.Successful If a ERP implementation is sucessfully implmented in a company mot only helps theorganisation by reducing waste costs but also it helps its customers as they can purchase the products of the company at a low price eventually rising sales and making good profits.They also because they share the data of the production line in real time10.So for a sucessful implementation the following methodologies should be followed.These are ideal methodologies one should follow when they are implmenting ERP orMRP or MPR II application for any kind of compnay.An Effective instruction execution have the follwing modulesProject preparation11Solution definition11DevlopmentBusiness Process Analysis fruitionTesting QAProductionFinal preparation11Project preparationProject goals and objectives11Undestanding goals and objectives of the get word and getting a clear picture about the insure.Roles and key focus11 Identifying the roles and reponsibilites for the device and assainging the tasks according tothe roles.Identifying core group members,repoerting authority and documentation teamit also includes identifying Steering Committee, Project Management team, Consultants team, Technical and Security management teams. find the implementation strategy11 Plannig the implemneting strategy like how to implement the cat and how to run the project according to the dead lines and defining the deliverables for each team,preparing road maps for the project and preparing blue print for the implemetation.Determinig how many locations are present for the compnay and what level of the automation required for which depar tments and what software and hardware required.Developing a project budget11This is the main and very great stage for any ERP or MRP or MRPII implmentation because any mistake or worng assement could utterly result in failure of implmentation.so planning for the project and determing the correct budget required to implement the application sucessfully budgeting involves like cost required to procure resources that are useful for the accomplihmnet of the project and cost of the human resources getting involved in the project. Planning the budget required for implementation includes the cost of Labor, Training, Facilities ,Project support costsDetermining the technical requirements11 reservation a study on technical requirements required for implmeting the application sucessfully.Performaning the rift Analysis and matching it with the application to checek how far the customization required and how well the application suits the business process.Identify and prepare infrastructure f acilites selecting a pool of technically predominate consultants as a team and making them to study the pros and cons of the project.4.3 Solution development and realization11Project team training11This involves the training for all employess and for getting good knowledge about the on going implmetation and it helps the team members and any new members in the project which helps to implement the project at right time with out any dealy. This is very important because it helps to implement the application as according to the blue print defined.Conversion and interfaces11 Conversion and interfaces are very important for every project. But generally these Conversion and interfaces are not condition importance and attention from the project management, because of lack of necessary IT knowledge.conversion and interface of a project is necessary and it should it be in line with the main project and it should be controlled by the project manager11.Final configuration11This is very import ant physical body the final configuration represent a repetetive process that coordinates the configuration with your business processes and business requirements11.Testing QAUnit Test11 This riddleing is done by the coder or devloper itself to evaluate the programs or transaction for errors. This test is done intially at configuration level it is mainly tested for program and module functionality.Whether the business requirements are fulfilled or not whether they are working in the expected way.Final integration test11This test is done when all the modules are integarted and tests are done whether these are working in the expected manner fullfilling the business requirments.This test is done by the expert testing team while integration and even after integration like indirect workflows , business logics and other functinlities.Prototyping and Production11In this phase a test system with fully intergated and devloped appliaction is made ready for working .Ideally at this stage all the funtionlaites and modules should work correctly as per the business requirments and it should be demonstrated to the users with data flows across each module.Once the protype of the business application is sucessful and if the customer is satisfied then the final phase of the implmentation takes place in which cutover plans take place and go-live date is planned and fixed.Final preparation11User manual of arms and support11Preparing user mannuals powerpoint presentations about each modules and funtionalites for the customers or users to get good knowledge of the implmented ERP or MRP or MRPII application. expiry user training11Providing training for the user in the organisation or company for effective using of the application because if the end user fail to gain knowledge about how to use and how to work with the application it results in failure of the implmnetataion.System management and system test11In this the application is tested for smmoth track of the appliaction with extra loading of data and extra stress on the database and application like simultainous logging of many user at a time etc. it also includes failure scenarios test,application admistration tests,backup and restore procedure test11 etc.Cut-over plan11In this the all final approval and validations should be comleted and all the manual work and transcations of the company have to stopped as after the apporval of cutover plan they start configuring the appliation to automate the business process.Going live check11In this the manual data entries should be completed before cutover.and going live date is decided based on the following factors proper end user traning is done and completed.R/3 system administration is ready11.Stress test on application and database and desaster recovery tests are sucessfully completed.Conversions and business urbane in the production system have been checked11.quality checkand testing is completed.Data transfer11Data transfer is a very important phase in the total implmetation because man times there spring up a issue of wrong configration that is configuring one module data to the other module. This is a time consuming process so a due consideration is given and a good amount of time is t