How the Security Rule Supports the Privacy Rule Research - 2750 Words

How the Security Rule Supports the Privacy Rule Research (Essay Sample) Content: How the Security Rule Supports the Privacy RuleStudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameInstitutional AffiliationIntroductionThe HIPAA security was published by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) on the 20th February 2003. With the exclusion of minor health plans, whereby, they were given up to the 21st of April 2006 to meet the terms, Covered entities (CEs) had to be in conformity before the 21st April 2005, which is two years after the initial publication date. The HIPAA Security Rules illustrates security as the physical, administrative and technical ideas that the organizations ought to include in its plan of HIPAA security compliance. Security comprises of authorizations for noncompliance together with the policies and procedures. This approach offers a concise outline of the security rule and a bit of the setting and concepts that are important to in knowing the security rule. Moreover, it states the knowledge that is acquired in maintaining of the HIPAA secur ity compliance with the health information management (HIM) together with their organization. This paper is an exclusive analyzation based on the topic HIPAA, on the issues related to the security and privacy rule requirement. This paper will further discuss the outline of every standard rule as well as how the security rules have supported the privacy rule, also how they are linked to one another. The paper will further cover the requirements of the security and privacy rule; providing the procedure on how to put each rule into practice in a corporate environment and further discussing the relationship between the security rules and privacy.According to Breaux and AntÃÆ' ³n, (2008), the phrase "HIPAA" is an acronym for the Health Insurance Portability Accountability Act. The Act was passed by the US Congress in the year 1996, with the aim and purpose of protecting health information that is confidential, which are referred to as Protected Health Information (PHI). However, th e law on the other hand fraud and misuse of PHI and this relates to a number of organizational groups such as clearinghouses, healthcare plans, healthcare providers, together with other units that relay health care report both in electronic and manual form. These kinds of entities are collectively referred to as a Covered Entity (CE). Therefore, the universal function of HIPAA is to perform insurance convenience, enforcing of fraud and management for the healthcare industry. In this case, an administrative simplification refers to the security and privacy rule of HIPAA (Herold Beaver, 2004).The HIPAA privacy rule is meant for the establishment of the values for the privacy of personal definite health data. It heads and directs Covered Entities (CE) on how it will utilize and reveal specific health data. Currently, the configuration of the data could be in an electronic, manual, paper or any structures. The privacy rule guarantees security in general level, and it also includes all parts of the security and protections. Relatively, the Privacy Rule creates a report on privacy, manages notification of utilization and revelation of PHI, and has the privilege to review and make changes to record medical segment, examine HIPAA compliance at an extensive level, also creating the disciplinary approach for the violation of HIPAA.Then again, Security standard is the regulation that puts a stop to the unauthorized element of accessing PHI without a compelling reason to know. For this reason, the Security Rule controls the electronic transmissions of PHI to guarantee legitimate stability between secured, confidential and available PHI. The Security Rule fundamentally regulates and envelopes Information Technology (IT) Security in a field of health service to set up specialized and functioning technique, policies like access control for frameworks and identity management, virus protection, reporting of incidences, making caution to guarantee a safe environment, and backu p plans. The security rule capacities are IT security audit, building up codes of principles and morals, computer usage rule, disposal, and destruction among others. The Security rule entails level specialized protecting and computer system security that encourages in building up privacy to PHI in due course.Given the above dialog, it is logic to support that both the security rule and the privacy rule are related to some extent. This is because the discussion above claims that for proper privacy guarantee in the healthcare environment, effective application of the security is important. Privacy is as the result of security. Furthermore, privacy rules articulate what should be done by the security together with the necessary measures that ought to be applied to the privacy policies to fulfill. In any case, in an organizational background, it is encouraged and highly recommended that the departments that specialize in the implementation of the privacy rule, as well as the implementat ion of the security rule, are divided and its direct link disconnected in regards to the involvement of the staffs and personnel. The most crucial part of this case is how the security policy is supporting the privacy rule for it to be compatible with HIPAA (Breaux AntÃÆ' ³n, 2008).In explaining some of the primary objectives of the privacy rule, the guidance provided by the Center for Disease and Control (CDC) and the US Department of Health Human Health Services, states that the Privacy rule has the following roles (Centers For Disease Control and Prevention, 2003):Creating a proper protection that most of the health service providers are expected to comply with so as to protect the privacy of the health data;Setting up boundaries regarding the use and the issue of the health records;Those who are found guilty of violating the patientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ privacy privileges will be answerable and forced to face civil and criminal penalties.Patients are given enough jurisdiction of the ir health information;Allows the patient to have the privilege of obtaining the copy their health recordings and appeal for the correction to be made;They come into the agreement on whether a given form of data has to be disclosed when the public health duties insists;Allows the patients to learn how their health information should be utilized and the kind of the information disclosure has been made;Allows the patients to make choices regarding how their heath information should be utilized;Limiting the information release to the minimal rationally required for the idea of disclosure;And authorizes persons to regulate some utilization and to expose their health data.According to an article, The Influence of the HIPAA privacy rule on health research (2007), the security regulations assist privacy rules to fulfill the discussed goals through the formation of protections to PHI in an electronic system only. That is a subsection of the PHI, which make up the Privacy Rule. Therefore, th e Privacy Rule entails the protection of the paper form and electronic based on PHI broadcast (Ness Joint Policy Committee, 2007). For this matter, Security rule guarantees E-PHI privacy only through the instituting of the following specifications and standards:Administrative ProtectionsThese strategies the procedures and policies demonstrate how the covered unit will fulfill the regulation and act. This concern with the management of the security through leveraging of the security personnel; Establishment of the security personnel and management of information access. It also offers guidance to the workforce on how to use PHI; Management of the password together with the monitoring of the security, contingency idea, and alerts to make certain on whether E-PHI transmission is properly managed to satisfy the associated requirements of the privacy rules as stated.Physical protectionIt enables in the handling of the physical access control so as to safeguard unapproved access to e- P HI. Its aim relates to guaranteeing access are correctly regulated according to the authorization, creates workstation utilization together with the security. It developed a procedure on the utilization of the digital media besides their disposal after the use.Technical protection: it entails the computer system that is in the heath care facility with the policies and approaches for its efficient utilization that that are likely to safeguard Eà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬PHI and restraint its access.The reason for the technical protection under the security regulation.It authorizes data integrity through the establishment of a process to approve E-PHI.It ensures that each entity that is covered becomes accountable of guaranteeing that the data related to the PHI has not been fabricated or modified without any reason that is suitably convincing and valid.Regulation of the Information Systems Access under the deployment of PHI, this has to be secured from interruption. It guarantees it through the enco ding of the access information.It creates transmission security through the empowerment of the integrity together with encoding the transmitted data in order for it not to be logged on by the individual in the middle.Therefore, these main privacy protections ought to be carefully adhered to so that there could be the implementation of the security rule in a separate way rather than the privacy rule. Though, as soon as those requirements are implemented correctly and the prospects are fulfilled., the entire privacy rule goals initially identified and examined will also be fulfilled because all those are related and reliant on the requirements of the security rules (Ness Joint Policy Committee, 2007).According to the arguments made by Waggoner (2004), regarding Privacy and Security; Privacy is the consequence while privacy is the condition. Security is an act; Privacy is an...

Women and Welfare Essay - 1335 Words

The Struggle of Women on Welfare nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Women in today’s society face many adversities. In this essay I will discuss fact versus stereotypical perceptions about the various social and economic problems women must face everyday. I grew up on the Upper East Side in Manhattan mostly comprised of wealthy, socialite families. I attended The Convent of Sacred Heart, also one of the top, private, all girl schools in Manhattan. The majority of the students come from very privileged families and are, more often than not, very spoiled and naà ¯ve to the world around them. While I was attending High School, I found it very hard to make friends with some of the students that went to Sacred Heart. I hated the way â€Å"rich kids†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦She got pregnant at the age of 17 and married her high school boyfriend. She went on and on about how difficult it was for her to live anywhere else but there. She said once you are born in the South Bronx there is barely a chance you will e ver leave. She did not get a job because she had to stay home with her children. Her and her husband did not have enough money to get someone to watch over her children and even if she did she would not trust them. She said they lived off the very small paycheck her husband was bringing home and the city was giving her food stamps. Her husband was in a gang and came home very late; most of the time stumbling through the door to their tiny apartment. He was heavily involved in dealing and using drugs and if when she questioned him and pleaded with him to stop, he hit her. She was battered for almost 3 years until she realized her children were in jeopardy. One day, when her husband was out, she packed her things and went to the Aegis Battered Womens Program located in the Bronx. She’s been there for almost a year now. She described her decision as the smartest and scariest thing she’d ever done for herself and her kids but everyday she fears her husband will find her. W omen like this, amaze me. I’ve read many books and seen many movies about women who are too scared to leave their husbands. Even though they are being battered, they stay because they convince themselves that their man truly loves them.Show MoreRelatedWomen Welfare1704 Words   |  7 PagesWomen and Welfare Women are beginning to face several problems in todays time. Ranging from being treated as only sex symbols to having to live the stereotype of you have to be skinny to be beautiful, the last thing women need is another rising problem. Unfortunately for women and even society though, one exists. Several factors in the American society are to blame for the positive correlation between women and welfare, and if nothing is done about it, it will soon become a problem that needsRead MoreWomen in the Mixed Economy of Welfare Essay1335 Words   |  6 PagesThe mixed economy of welfare has heavily impacted the life of women in Aotearoa New Zealand from the 1800s to the 21st century. The role of women has radically changed as New Zealand has gone through political and cultural reform. The state, the voluntary sector and the marketplace has had to accommodate for new needs of women and has given, in some cases, a better chance for equality between men and women. Significant changes in po licy have been caused due to women gaining monetary independenceRead MoreFlat Broke with Children: Women in the Age of Welfare Reform Essay examples1127 Words   |  5 PagesBroke with Children: Women in the Age of Welfare Reform by Sharon Hays. In the book, the author looks at the welfare reform act enacted in 1996, known as the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. . She examines both the positive and negative effects that the Act has had on the poor as well as the effects it has had on society overall. In her research, she spent over 600 hours in welfare offices, speaking to caseworkers, social workers, and welfare recipients and potentialRead MoreWelfare Legislation On Welfare And Welfare954 Words   |  4 Pages 1 Welfare gives people an incentive to avoid work. Like many citizens have neglected the responsibility to work and put the burden on the taxpayers. She relies on the welfare for temporary assistance. They are relying on welfare and welfare is being used as political growth for the United States moving products services along. Welfare out of wedlock, childbirth and marital breakup are supported by the current evidence. (http://www.huppi.com/kangaroo/L-welfaremarriags.htm. She benefitsRead MoreGendered Gender Institution Of Order907 Words   |  4 Pagesthat structure social institutions-work different expectations and opportunities for men and women Over the decades the workplace has evolved in terms of more jobs and more women working, but it is gendered because of sexual harassment, sexual discrimination, and social constructs. The gendered workplace means gender difference structures men and woman’s social institution. The â€Å"traditional family† depicts women are supposed do care work and men are supposed to be the breadwinners. How the gendered workplaceRead MoreEssay on The Welfare Reform Law1058 Words   |  5 PagesSince the Welfare reform law was introduced in 1996 it has impacted American society greatly. The new welfare policy, named the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), replaced the Aid to Family and Dependent Children (AFDC) program; they have five known differences that only affect the ones who need the assistance. Critics argue that the TANF has negatively impacted the society while some argue that it has not. Linda Burnham, author of â€Å"Welfare Reform, Family Hardship Woman of Color,†Read MoreEducation and Welfare1463 Words   |  6 PagesSo why is it that the collectors of welfare and public aid are statistically the ones with the least amount of education? Within this paper I plan to address this issue and those that contribute to education, or la ck there of, for welfare recipients. I feel this issue has a great deal to do with race, gender and lack of equality in all aspects of public policy. Let us start at the beginning. Most women on welfare were raised in homes that collected welfare. This is the first major issue. UnfortunatelyRead MoreRole of Government in Social Welfare1477 Words   |  6 PagesROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN SOCIAL WELFARE A Government consists of group of people who govern a state. The proper governing of state plays a very important role in the development of a country. The government should take all necessary steps for the betterment of the country and its people. A democratic country is for the people, by the people and to the people. Therefore government of any country should act wisely for the development of the community. Social welfare is a policy in which the well beingRead MoreThe Welfare Policies And Welfare Programs1232 Words   |  5 Pagesfor welfare and for what amount of time, though federal funds can only be provided for five years of benefits over the lifetime of the recipient. Women currently have very few options when it comes to working and caring for their children. The next section of this paper will discuss the welfare policies aimed at alleviating the struggle of women to care provide for themselves and their children. Welfare Programs and Eligibility There are several welfare programs that are available to women in needRead MoreEssay about The Status of Single Mothers1651 Words   |  7 PagesThere is a stigma associated with women that are supported by government aid, especially single mothers. The women on welfare are often treated poorly because people think they are ‘working the system’. Tax payers feel as if the single mothers on welfare perpetuated their own poverty by having children that they cannot support, just for a bigger welfare check. They often assume that these women do not work and just live off government handouts. I know of mothers that fit this stereotype; adults

Overview of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals of Kentucky

Nietzsche and Gandhi, Society - 1414 Words

Friedrich Nietzsche and Mahatma Gandhi, two mammoth political figures of their time, attack the current trend of society. Their individual philosophies and concepts suggest a fundamental problem: if civilization is so diseased, can we overcome this state of society and the sickness that plagues the minds of the masses in order to advance? Gandhi and Nietzsche attain to answer the same proposition of sickness within civilization, and although the topic of unrest among both may be dissimilar, they have parallel means of finding a cure to such an illness as the one that plagues society. Nietzsche’s vision of spiritual health correlates directly with Gandhi’s image of industrialism and the self-sufficiency. This correlation prevails by†¦show more content†¦This situation exemplifies everything that Gandhi was attempting to convey about the over indulgence of man as aided by doctors. Because of the doctoral profession, Nietzsche states, â€Å"my body†¦ fe lt more at ease; but my mind became weakened† (Nietzsche 33). By weakening the minds of the public, doctors are directly contributing to the sickness of civilization. Nietzsche reveals slave and master morality as a paramount concept, conveying the power of the wealthy and prominent over the poor and downtrodden. Nietzsche states that â€Å"In order to exist, slave morality always first needs a hostile external world; it needs†¦ external stimuli in order to act at all- its action is fundamentally reaction† (Nietzsche 37). The weak, passive, cowardly, and sick are reacting to the overbearing nature of the nobility. The lower, sickened class is insecure and unable to act because they know that they are weak. They have the fundamental drive in the universe, the will to power, yet they are unable to act, rather they can merely react to the harsh and unjust situations that external world is placing on them. They harbor a ressentiment towards the elite The cure of such a sickness in civilization would not come easily. Nietzsche’s treatment would be to capitalize on the will to power. Every person is driven by a force to overcome their oppression, and find the â€Å"happiness in â€Å"slight superiority,† involvedShow MoreRelatedNietzsche versus Gandhi Essay1378 Words   |  6 PagesFriedrich Nietzsche and Mahatma Gandhi, two mammoth political figures of their time, attack the current trend of society. Their individual philosophies and concepts suggest a fundamental problem: if civilization is so diseased, can we overcome this state of society and the sickness that plagues the minds of the masses in order to advance? Gandhi and Nietzsche attain to answer the same proposition of sickness within civilization, and although the topic of unrest among both may be dissimilar, theyRead MoreGodards Breathless Essay Questions1553 Words   |  7 PagesVanishree Gandhi Godard’s Breathless 4. In a world where there are no ultimate reasons for action, how does Michel find freedom to act and to live creatively? Why does Patricia, who shares Michel’s nihilistic world-view, draw the opposite conclusion from it? Why is she only capable of negative freedom expressed as independence in the course of the film? In the movie Breathless, written and produced by Jean-Luc Godard, is a French film about a thief named Michel Poiccard, who spends his time in ParisRead MoreSimpsons and Philosophy1886 Words   |  8 PagesSimpsons and Philosophy In the chapter Thus Spake Bart: On Nietzsche and the Virtues of Being Bad, Mark T. Conard shows us why people believe Bart Simpson is similar to a philosophical theorist named Friedrich Nietzsche. Bart being the bad boy of the Simpsons and Nietzsche being the bad boy of Philosophy. Conard says that Bart does not take on the chaos like Nietzsche says but he is just an empty being of bad actions. This argument is ridiculous; Bart Simpson is as creative as creative getsRead MoreThe Western Forecast Of The Post World War1408 Words   |  6 Pagesdown south, Mahatma Gandhi and his followers stand adamantly in a show of nonviolent resistance. Regardless of their approach, both Mao and Gandhi were freedom fighters whose anti-imperialist attitudes were shaped by western thinkers and approaches to revolution were somewhat governed by their surrounding environment. Mao was influenced namely by Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, but Chinese political climate at the time mainly made him take a sym pathetic revolutionary approach. Gandhi was impacted namelyRead MoreWhat Does Ethics Mean? Essay824 Words   |  4 Pagesgroup had several different answers: â€Å"Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs.† â€Å"Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong.† â€Å"Being ethical is doing what the law requires.† â€Å"Ethics consist of the standards of behavior our society accepts.† â€Å"I don’t know what the word means.† The answers of the test group may be representative of how most Americans would respond to this question on ethics. The truth is, most people in general don’t understand ethics, or their view is limitedRead MoreGandhi : An Indian Philosopher1981 Words   |  8 PagesMohandas Karamchand Gandhi, otherwise known as â€Å"Mahatma,† meaning â€Å"great soul,† is an Indian philosopher, teacher, author, vegetarian, simple-living advocate, and the creator of the effective method of protest, â€Å"Civil Disobedience.† He helped contribute to the liberation of India from the British government, as well as aid the countless lives of others by teaching them to live in harmony, despite religious differences. Known in India as Bapu, translating to â€Å"Father of India,† Gandhi also helped in alleviatingRead MoreThe Health Benefits Of Vegetarian Diet1295 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefit human health and increase chances for survival of life on Earth as much as the evolution to a vegetarian diet (Albert Einstein)†.The vegetarian diet has been proposed by many, from philosophers like Plato and Nietzsche to political leaders such as Benjamin Franklin and Gandhi, and modern idols like Paul McCartney and Bob Marley. Science also supports the vegetarian diet, there are many studies demonstrating its health benefits. Being vegetarian means not eating any animal products, includingRead MoreIs Power Central to Understanding Politics?2270 Words   |  10 Pagesproblem of power† 1. This view was confirmed by William A. Robson 2 who suggested: â€Å"It is with the power in society that political science is primarily concerned- its nature, basis, processes, scope and results’ The significance of power in political phenomenon can be traced in the works of traditional thinkers like Aristotle (427-322 BC), Machiavelli (1469-1679), Hobbes (1588-1679) and Nietzsche (1844-1900) as well as modern writers like Max Webber, Lasswell, A. Kaplan , Hans Morgenthau, Michel FoucaultRead MoreThe Classic Greek Discourse On Leadership Essay1948 Words   |  8 Pages(Carlyle, 1993). The popular notion being that in times of distress somewhere out of magic a leader would emerge to guide people into safety and success. The mythology behind the some of the world’s finest leaders like Abraham Lincoln, Churchill, Mahatma Gandhi, Alexander the great, contributed to the opinion of good breeding and leaders being born and not made (Carlyle, 1993). This theory was propounded by Thomas Carlyle and dealt primarily with men; great women have not been addressed in the context ofRead MoreDiscipline And Punish By Nietzsche, Structuralism And Foucault s Political Activism Essay1933 Words   |  8 Pagesprison, the book is in many ways an attempt to give a theoretical grounding to what Foucault had seen, to explain the conditions and structures of the places he visited in terms of the operation of power in society. Three influences are pa rticularly important in Discipline and Punish: Nietzsche, structuralism and Foucault s political activism. None entirely explain his project, however. There has been a shift in types of punishment for criminals. Once these tended to focus on torture are dismemberment

Working Capital Management Essay Example

Essays on Working Capital Management Essay The paper "Working Capital Management" is an excellent example of an essay on finance and accounting. The working capital can be defined as the difference that exists between your current assets and current liabilities (Bhattacharya, 2009). Positive working capital is vital for every organization to realize growth and pay off its debts. Most healthcare organizations that are run by the government are fully funded and do not face many problems in managing their working capital. For for-profit healthcare organizations, the management of working capital is mandatory. Such organizations must ensure that at all times they have positive working capital in order to take care of the expenses that are involved in the running of such facilities. Management of private health facilities can be challenging if no proper financial security is put in place. In most healthcare environments today, assets such as inventories, cash, and receivables must properly be managed to ensure that operational exc ellence and cost reduction are achieved. Managers at all levels are involved at some point in the working capital management.There are several challenges that face most healthcare facilities in terms of management of the working capital i.e. releasing money from the working capital to reduce the levels of debts. For most organizations, debt is inevitable and plays a crucial role in terms of development. Paying off debts has been a significant challenge for healthcare organizations with most resorting to using their working capital to pay off debts.Another challenge is the efficient utilization of working capital. Researches have shown that even though most healthcare facilities have positive working capital, its utilization has been a major concern. There have been cases where some funds are not fully accounted for or are not fully used in the intended projects.In the case of a military healthcare facility, the government funds everything and cases of having debts will not arise. Th e military facilities operate at their full capacities without any challenges that are seen in the private healthcare facilities. They are not taxed and are exempted from most of the services they offer. This makes it very different from other facilities offering similar services.In dealing with the challenges, critical decisions have to be made at the management level that involves key players to work on improving the working capital and cutting down on debts (Bhattacharya, 2009). This will ensure good returns for the organization, hence good working capital. The generation of more funds from other avenues will also be great since this is aimed at improving the working capital. The organization should consider partnering with other firms in order to cut down on its spending while improving on the working capital.Revenue cycle management means taking measures to ensure that the employees are timely paid for what they do (Bhattacharya, 2009). It involves the process from the time a p atient calls for an appointment and the secretary takes all the details of the patient, including phone numbers. The revenue cycle helps in monitoring the financial stability of the organization and other factors that enable the organization to run smoothly. It also informs the executives in case of any changes in the cash flow so that an action may be taken in a timely manner to avoid any interruptions in service delivery.Cash budgeting is one way of improving working capital. It requires the evaluation of the requirements of cash by doing estimation on the receipts and payments. This tool is important because it helps in keeping the optimum level of capital in the organization’s business.

Describe factors to consider for effective communication Free Essays

string(100) " seen as poor and intimidating \(Dixon, 2008\) and are more likely to commit crimes \(Ford, 1997\)\." Describe factors to consider for effective communication our site – CUSTOM ESSAY WRITING – DISSERTATION EXAMPLES Introduction When it comes to communication, the problem of perception takes the central stage. Varner and Beamer (2010, p. 35) defines communication as â€Å"the perception of verbal and nonverbal behaviour and the assignment of meaning to them. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe factors to consider for effective communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now † They considered perception so important that as long as the perception process takes place, communication occurs. Covey (1992) also emphasised the significance of perception by attributing perception problems as one of the root causes of communication problems. Differences in perceiving the world would inevitably lead to communication barriers because people communicate on the basis of their own perceptions and perception determines how people behave toward the world (Singer, 1998). Therefore, great stress has been put on the role of perception in interpersonal communication that Singer (p. 10) even proposed in communication â€Å"reality  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · is less important than one’s perception of reality†. To discuss the crucial role of perception in communication, this essay first examines the relationship between reality and perception of reality, followed by a discussion on how perception affects communication in the stages involved. Finally, the role of three t ypes of factors in perception – physical, environmental and learned factors, will be examined. Reality vs. perception of reality Effective communication is hindered when communicators have different understandings of reality. Cognitive theorists are convinced that reality is more about the things in here – in the mind, ratherthan the actual things out there (Singer, 1998). Perception, an active process by which people become aware of the world, is the window through which we experience the world .To illustrate the relationship between the two, Singer makes an analogy between the human perception process and a class assignment, both comparing and contrasting what enters and exits the mind (p. 187). Since it is impossible for a person to either experience everything in the world or have exactly the same life story as another person, no one will have absolutely right perception about the world or exactly the same perception as others’. The fact that family members of twins can often easily tell one from the other explains that even twins do not have identical experiences and perceptions. The formation of divergent perceptions As Roger asserts, nothing, neither the Bible nor Freud, is more reliable than personal experience in the perception process (as cited in Griffin, 2006, p.32) . This supports Stacks, Hickson and Hill’s (1991, p. 4) suggestion that â€Å"Communication brings us together and perceptions tend to separate us.† Clearly, the impact of divergent perceptions in interpersonal communication has gain great attention of communicators. To reduce the difficulties in communication, it is necessary to understand how the divergent perceptions are formed in the first place. Perception is a series of procedures that blend into one another. To conveniently discuss the these procedures, perception is generally divided into three stages: selection/stimulation, organization, and interpretation/ evaluation (Lane, 2010; Kelly, 2006; Dwyer, 2009). The first stage is selection, in which the world comes to us through our sensory receptors. Naturally you cannot perceive everything; rather you engage in selective perception, where you pick up some stimulation over others. Two types of stimuli are considered more likely to draw our attention: meaningful ones and noticeable ones (Devito, 2009). Things meaningful or noticeable to one person do not often mean the same to another person. Therefore, during this stage, people of different backgrounds often receive different messages from the same world. For example, when a couple attend a concert, the husband, a musician, tends to focus on the musical part while the wife, a fashion designer, pays more attention on the costume and stage design. Suppose the design of the concert is excellent but the singer is off key from time to time. It is very likely that the couple end up having different comments on the concert. In this way, differences occur in the very first stage of perception proc ess. In the next stage – organization stage, the stimuli that come into our brain will have to pass through â€Å"the filters of our censor screens† where they are rearranged and decoded in some ways we are used to or we learn to (Singer, 1998. p. 11) These ways of organizing data become the shortcuts that enable us to make connections between new information and previously gained knowledge, and thus simplify our understanding and remembering of new people and events. However, these shortcuts can be misleading if you rely on them too much. You may either add additional data which are consistent with your way of organizing or ignore those which is inconsistent, in order to make the new experience organisable. As the constructivists identifies, we often â€Å"fit over realities to bring order to our perceptions† (Griffin, 2006, p. 191). As a result, perceptual variations occur because we gain our perception not in the way it should be, but in a way every individual need s it to be. Having discussed the first two stages, we will now have a look at the third stage – interpretation/evaluation, in which we make sense out of the organised stimuli and find out the value of them. As Kelly (2006) suggests, we never have all the facts, and our interpretation and evaluation are largely dependent on the past knowledge and our own value systems. When personal experience and values are involved, differences are bound to occur. In other words, we get used to seeing some stimuli in a certain way that we don’t take others into account (Lane, 2010, p.41). A good example of this would be stereotyping. When people stereotype others, they put people into categories and assert all people in the category share the same characteristics. The consequence is that barriers in communication often occur on the basis of false perceptions of others because great deal of individual differences are not taken into consideration (Lustig, 2010). The results of two studies of stereot ypical perception of African Americans show that African Americans are estimated to earn less than they actually do, are seen as poor and intimidating (Dixon, 2008) and are more likely to commit crimes (Ford, 1997). You read "Describe factors to consider for effective communication" in category "Essay examples" Many of stereotypes are created by direct experience with only a few members of a certain group. Others may even come from second-hand materials such as mass media without any direct experience. Yet many of us still use stereotypes to make assumptions and interpretations. This is very likely to cause communication gaps between people who perceive and expect others in their own understandings. Interrelationship of the stages Above is an analysis of how perceptual differences come into being in each of the stages. However, it is helpful to clarify, though listed in such a way, the three stages do not occur one by one. Rather, these stages often take place almost simultaneously (Lane, 2010, p. 36) and there is no way one can draw a dividing line between any of them. In addition, we should not see any stage as the start or the finish of a perception process (Russel, cited in Kelly, 2006, p. 36). It is common for people to think of these stages as a linear sequence, from gathering data to organizing the data and finally attaching some meanings to them. However, this process does not end at the interpretation stage because the result of interpretation/evaluation would affect your future sensing/selecting behaviour. In this case, some other ways of breaking down perception process would help make the point clearer. Initial three stages remaining the same, DeVito (2009, p. 64) believed two other steps take plac e afterwards: memory and recall. These two steps can lead to people’s perceptual inaccuracy in a way that people may lose or unable to recall some information. Even worse is retrieving the wrong message. Griffin (2006, p. 189) add a utilizing stage to emphasise the effect of memorized and recalled data on future communication behaviour. His suggestion of comparing the stages to the five interconnected Polemic Rings is extremely helpful in explaining the relationships of these stages of perception process (p. 187). Seeing the fact that the stages are actually interrelated and never come to an end, we can better know how we make mistakes when we think we see every aspect of an issue and make a right judgement. The truth is that previous interpretation has already had an effect on the selecting process, and we only pick up those data we want to, which further influence our organizing and evaluating process. For example: A person who experienced a destructive earthquake may notice a noise from the ground seconds before the shaking (Sensing stage). He then established a connection between the two: â€Å"A noise often comes before a big earthquake† and considered it a way to make predictions of future earthquakes (Organizing and interpreting). This interpretation inserts an influence on his future processing of information in the way that he may become very sensitive to similar sounds and more likely to link some other unusual phenomenon to an earthquake. From above we can see that differences take place in almost every step we take when perceiving the world. Just like what Ribbins and colleagues words said, the factors which â€Å"shape and sometimes distort perception can reside in the perceiver, in the object or target being perceived or in the context of the situation in which the perception occurs† (as cited in Dwyer, 2009, p. 14). These stages are like a giant filter, every information in the external world have to pass through the filter which is made of your own experience, beliefs and value systems (Bjorseth, n.d.). Again, similar to the analogy of class assignment described in the beginning of this essay, what exits your mind differentiate from what comes to your mind because your uniquely designed filter has performed its job. Nature of factors that affect perception Having identified how the factors impact on the perception process in each stage, the essay now focuses on the nature of the factors that affect perceptions. Singer (1998) has suggested three categories of them: physical determinants, environmental determinants and learned determinants. Physical determinant are commonly understood as our five sensory receptors recognized by Aristotle. Interestingly, Singer’s later research has revealed at least thirty-seven differentiate sensory inputs and even more are expected to be discovered (Singer, 1998, p.14). Apart from these, other physical differences such as body shape, skin colour, hand size that make us unique in the world can contribute to differences in perception. Just like every the uniqueness of individual’s physical characteristics, everything happens in a unique context. The unique surroundings of an event can be very powerful in forming different perceptions. For example, the result of judging whether a person is yo ung or old will probably be influenced by which age group he is compared with. The third type of determinants, learned determinants, is seen as the most important. How people acquire their perceptual constructs has been thoroughly studied. The result of an experiment on people who are born blind but later restored with their sight shows that without the visual experiences, these people cannot tell a figure or discriminate simple shapes until several months’ visual learning (â€Å"Perception – Innate and learned†, n.d.). This reveals that learning experience is necessary and powerful in shaping and changing people’s perception. Similarly, in Varner and Beamer’s (2010) perception model of choices, they explain that when you encounter something unfamiliar, you either choose not to attend to it or lose memory of it until you learn how to change your mental category to accommodate it. Singer (1998, p. 19-27) also devised an exercise to test how perceptions of the same stimuli differ in different cultures. The exercise finds out tha t perception is greatly influenced by culture, a combination of learned activities. The more specific the symbol is, the more the interpretations are alike. The more abstract the symbol is, the more various meanings are attached to it. With such findings, it is not difficult to understand that communicators from different cultures would undoubtedly meet difficulties with the different views they hold on the same thing. From the discussions above, we have seen that misperceptions can arise when we collect information, organise it in different ways, and assign different meanings to it. In addition, differences of perceptions are determined by various factors, especially learned ones. Communications based on divergent perceptions will inevitably meet difficulties. To make communication of higher level of effectiveness, it is a good start for communicators to bear in mind the powerful influence of different perceptions on communication process, to learn the culture of other groups and to make your perceptions closer to each other. References Bjorseth, L. D. (n.d.). Improve your communication skills by â€Å"cleaning your filter†. Retrieved March 21, 2011 from: http://www.sideroad.com/Business_Communication/improve-communication-skill.html. Devito, J. A. (2009). The interpersonal communication book (12th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Dixon, T. L. (2008). Network news and racial beliefs: Exploring the connection between national television news exposure and stereotypical perceptions of African Americans. Journal of communication, 58, 321-337. Dwyer, J. (2009). Communication in business: Strategy and skills (4th ed.). Australia: Pearson Education Australia Ford, T. E. (1997). Effects of stereotypical television portrays of African-American on person perception. Social Psychology Quarterly, 60(3), 266-275. Griffin, E. (2006). A first look at communication theory (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Kelly, M. S. (2006). Communication at work: Ethical, effective, and expressive communication in workplace. London: Pearson Education Inc. Lane, S. D. (2010). Interpersonal communication: competence and contexts (2nd ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Lustig, M. W. Koester, J. (2010). Intercultural competence: Interpersonal communication across cultures (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Perception – Innate and learned. Retrieved March 23, 2011 from: http://science.jrank.org/pages/5093/Perception-Innate-learned.html Singer, M. R. (1998). Perception and identity in intercultural communication. Maine: Intercultural Press, Inc. Varner, I., Beamer, L. (2010). Intercultural communication in the global workplace (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill http://www.sideroad.com/Business_Communication/improve-communication-skill.html How to cite Describe factors to consider for effective communication, Essay examples

No Waste free essay sample

I watched the ground retreat as our airplane leaped from the earth, quickly climbing into the sky. I chewed my lip, looking down at the doll-sized houses and a living map of my world. I’m not going to lie. I was scared. We leveled out about ten minutes later, ending our steep ascent into thinner air. Alex checked her equipment in front of me, bumping my leg as she moved. Steve adjusted his helmet and gloves to my left, as Danny pointed out Mt. Hood on my right. I nodded I couldn’t speak. The captain shouted, â€Å"All clear,† and the guy closest to the door whipped it open. I quickly swallowed my first taste of oxygen at 14,000 feet, and felt my heart skip a beat. Everyone was busy with something: checking gear, bonking hands in good luck shakes, and winking at me as I nervously played with the zipper on my bright blue jumpsuit. We will write a custom essay sample on No Waste or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"It’s going to be great,† they said reassuringly, â€Å"you’ll love it!† Alex jumped, then Steve. I crawled closer and closer to the door, a door that led out to 14,000 feet of clear air, of nothingness until the reality of Earth. I felt afraid. I thought of everything at once but at the same time, my mind was clear. Danny gave me the thumbs up and yelled over the engine â€Å"Are you ready to fly?† I would never have done it a few years ago. Before my very best friend moved 3,000 miles away. Before Casey was diagnosed with cancer at the sweet, sweet age of sixteen. Before I watched a friend beat an addiction no one ever thought he’d break. Before everything that has made me into the human being I am today. I never noticed that life has an end. I never saw that we won’t be here forever. I could never see that good times won’t always be good, and that bad times won’t always be bad either. But then I watched a human heart beat on an operating table, three feet from my own. I had to stop a friend from taking her life. I saw a community come together after the best bassist I know became a quadriplegic. I traveled to Hong Kong and discovered a new world. I broke when my friend Cason was killed in an accident that no one saw coming. And so I learned. The poignancy of life. That the finish line could be right around the corner, and that the glory comes from how you run your race. I learned that it is a beautiful thing to wake up in the morning, to be alive. To dance. To cry on a friend’s shoulder. Just to be. And so I jumped. I flung myself out of the airplane and into the sky, jumping into oblivion, the unknown, life. I fell, but I soared and I flew. I was free somehow, falling through space and time back to the Earth. I arched my body and thrust my hips, spreading my arms to either horizon. I looked and I saw. I found hope and grace and love as I gasped for air. Life hit me in the face. It whistled in my nose and made me squint my eyes as I zoomed in closer and closer. I felt every emotion in the same exact instant and dissolved into the atmosphere, freefalling, freefalling, freefalling. This, this intense, immediate rush of adrenaline and emotion and life gave me strength and hope and immense gratitude for being alive. For everything and everyone who has entered my life and made an impact on me. For living. For physical safety. Those seconds on that chilly day in October are my life. I live in the here and now because that is where we are. The only guarantee is the seconds that exist in the present. I take each day and make something beautiful out of it because I know that there’s no time to waste. There’s no time to waste.