Operation Management

Question: Identify and define a problem or opportunity, gather data, analyse the data, investigate options and propose a solution to the problem or propose how the opportunity may be realised. The group is also required to plan the implementation of the initiative. The project is not about a general description of the operations management of the organisation. Answer: Another matter with stock running is the quantity of routine asked for by IGA to supply and to put on brackets. If all else fails, the measure of standard is so considerable that they consume to put the practice on the standard that will be complete in few days or months (Bernard, 1999). Obviously, in the midst of top diurnal and times, the frames of IGAs can be understood hunk Moreover, they have to give a reduction on those clothes that purchaser keep up a key allotment from to purchase as an ensuing repercussion of their extraordinary incidentals. Introduction IGA is more than an essential banner it's more than private engraving stock on the rack. The IGA Brand is remarkably made for the free who needs to get to the security the legacy also, the affiliations and relationship of a brand trusted locally over the United States for more than eight decades years. To be honest, the IGA Brand now associates far and wide to Australia, South America, Russia, Europe, Korea, Caribbean, China, and way beyond. IGAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©largest relationship of free and standard foremost need retailers in the United States and around the globe. With the backing of Alliance individuals like driving IGA wholesalers and smart moving client stock affiliations known as IGA Red Oval Partners. IGAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©Storesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©haveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©a unblemished lead the IGA clarification behind slant is a provenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©marketingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©strategy proposed to take the estimation of your business to the join level by rede signing your made neighborhood character (van Gelder 39-48). The eighty years of legacy behind the IGA trademark sets with professionallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ designed errands to help independents level à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©field à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ © playà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ © in today's excellent retail environment Company Overview IGA or Self-governing Grocers of Australia is an undertaking of shops in Australia. IGA themself is stated by Metcash, however particular IGA stores are uninhibitedly had. It is an area variety of all-inclusive Americans Self-governing Grocers Organization. Its crucial opponents are IGAs, Aldi, and Food works, Coles and previously BI-LO. IGA has additional around five thousand outlets in 30 countries around the globe. IGA remained accepted on to Australia in 1988 by David's Holdings while ten outlets had the chance to be individuals commencing from IGA. In Australia there are overall 1400 stores. Adding to these there are 3 IGA commercial organizes in Western region of Australia which are IGA, Progressive Supa and Supa IGA. In the year 2005 Metcash got enlisted in the Foodland Associated. As a remarkable portion of this acquisitions the independent arrangement of Supa Value Supermarkets, Dewsons Express and co. and Action, which got their supplies from FAL transformed their actions t o IGA while having the same free possession (SCHULZ. 105-116, 2009). A social affair of eleven Action superstores that had remained functioned by FAL was vended to a grouping and these shops now commenced as Advanced Supa IGA. Metcash presently embraces a degree keenness for these outlets. The sprawling remains of the Action Superstores were vended to liberated chief supervisors who run their business under the name of Supa IGA. The head office of IGA is still located at 218 Banister Road, Western Australia. Business process To enhance ability and earn respect in the trade, Davids started mechanical redesigns in their retail come wholesale functioning, acclimating distinctive headways with Australia: point of interaction through electronic information for retailer requesting; case marks; retail leave names; scanners and assorted structures took after reliably (Valiris and Glykas 445-480). Today Metcash proceeds with the agreements by its facilitator; and is perceived as an innovator accessible for practice; warehousing inclination and a forerunner in advancement agenda and operative logistics. In late 1980s the over-all merchandizing stock of IGA was accustomed with Australia. IGA has persisted a forerunner selling barrage for self-governing stores and is a unique type of association's most famous trademarks. On 4th of September 2000 The Metcash Trading renamed to Davids (Veljanovski). The designation sees the crucial share of South African which has Metro Cash and Carry as a superior stakeholder from ye ar 2000 to 2004in the significant sequence of the association. In the later part of 2005 Metcash made a significant progress all past FAL outlets under Dewson, SupaValu and Action outlets that come across IGA basics were taken under the brand of IGA. In early part of 2010 Metcash added 50.1% of Miter 10, the thumping apparatus trade with more than 350 actively certified Miter 10 outlets and additional 450 non-named autonomous patrons. Miter 10 amalgamated the Metcash agreement with a 50 years past of supportive free home-based alteration and equipment venders, who are a dominant portion of quarter social events from place to place in Australia. The epicenter for Miter 10 is to make era framework enhancements and gather a solid stock and propelling model (Bird 265, 2011). Participation, Conversion and Production The main transformation to enrich the relationship management between customers by IGA was implementing SAP. For buying products of known brands IGA was making it cheap as well as easily available source for the customers and at a reasonable price. Development of module for the promotion management was related to the last stage of the project. For indulging promotional offers the organization started giving training (Mohammad 4-8, 2015) s. Currently, on food, petrol and liquor business of the company is getting promotional application. This sector solely provides 90% incomes of the assembly. Figure 1: Existing Processes Approach of IGA Recently IGA is considered as an organization have various superstore in the country. To provide customers products that are fresh and having good quality is the sole strategy of the company. As IGA is known one of the best grocery retail chain in the country; hence the company emphasizes on further investment for opening various outlets and stores and also increasing the quality of services which will be provided to the customers. The organization digs out its income to make better processes ("Special Issue Of Production And Operations Management : Retail Operations" 127-127). The stock availability as well as the service to the customers both are improved equally. The figure showed below states the strategy which the organization is maintaining currently to improve its system and also enhancing quality in the companys supply chain. Figure 2: Porters Generic Strategy A business is affected by five forces according to porter. These five forces include buyers, suppliers, competitors, new entrants, and substitute products. All these forces were always taken seriously by IGA and were given importance as well. The reason behind the activity of the company about emphasizing on innovation for providing best customer service quality at a reasonable rate (Mckeown, 2012). The organization has always judged the outside environment which might affect its income. The organization plans its strategies in respect to the Generic strategies of Porters. Porters generic strategy has four different kinds. Cost leadership strategy which states supplying customers the cheapest products. The organization meet this strategy by lowering its charges and by enhancing the relation along with the suppliers for developing a mechanism of smooth supply chain (Schneible Jr.). The next strategy is focus strategy; the companys main focus are the customers always. IGA have always tried to give their best effort in servicing the customers at a very reasonable rate. The other two are associated to differentiation strategies. To provide services to the customers the organization follows differentiation strategy. Providing differentiated and innovative services to its customer has always been the main focus of the company. Though the organization has got accustomed to the differen t strategies but still it is dependent on the products and services it offers to the customers. A concise summary of the strategies taken by IGA is given in the figure below: Figure 3: IGAs Present Account Administration Scheme To enhance the system of rolling is the most important purpose of such activity. It facilitates IGA in deciding perfect ordering list and lowering the account points to decrease charge and deliver renewed yields. IGAs account administration scheme is shown below: Figure 4: Inventory management issues IGA was considered as a best retailer of the country a few years ago. The sales of the organization declined all of a sudden and increase in cost. The company dropped their charge by downscaling, but remained that a charge decrease or convertible of consumption (Muller, 2003). If the case is regarding the reduction of cost then its useless as the organization have to fix all the problems. Whereas, if its regarding charge decrease it could comprise that charge which may be essential for successively the trade. They familiarized the tenure of slender marketing as an explanation. This development strength be respectable but it workings mostly in industrial sector rather than transaction. This tenure only earnings best management, which has no influence to cure the significances of substituting the perception of the consumers. The suggestions of the affiliation to declining the charge by two thousand dollars at each professional part store saw reducing just which may affect the system fo r affiliations and the morals of the bosses ("Inventory Management" e295-e363). Along these lines, the racks were depleted which were by then filled by the staff. This, as time goes on, weakened the cash flawless circumstances of the connection. Thusly, it was exhibited that the procedure was confused. The theories of the affiliation were not in the right heading. The inspiration driving meeting of the management was transient unwittingly to the insufficiency of the whole game plan. The quality management Guru Edwards Deming prescribed that replicating invited change and the affiliation needs good 'old fashioned changes, especially in the organization together. They require another hallucination of the occupational rather than merely varying to equipment. Client associations issues At that point close stock organization issue, complexities of the customers developed. Issue of the customers on a to an incredible degree essential level focus on extended regarding, poor customer affiliations, pounded vegetables and meat, and getting together of consistently understood brands. The union used to control stock wrongly (Pinhanez 3-13, 2009). The key issue in restocking was the nonappearance of staff. The key issue and issue are that IGAs was always offending the issue of customer protestations. They are through and through dismissing the issue of customer determination. Future Strategies IGA needs to adjust neighborhood brand with rot stock cost that prompts disabling of the phenomenal position of the plot. To pick issue related to outlandish stock, IGA may attempt with suppliers and emissary association reasonably make immaculate utilization of Economic Order Quantity that is used for brain blowing material association (Serrano and Kraiselburd). This is a reasoning that is used to pick the measure of material that should be kept up, asked for and when they should be asked. The inspiration driving money related asking for the entire methodology is to minimize the asking for and stock holding expense and then ensuring beautiful stock is amped up for locale current issues. The strategy can be gone on numerically as: Imminent approach associated to customer service Retailing continues changing which make it enchanting for pioneers. The present customers seek after down quality and IGA Limited needs to give more choices at their doorstep to move web shopping than at whatever time in late memory to pull in customers. In the centrality centered period, customers are at the driving seats of affiliations. The shopping direct and tastes of the customers keep changing on the reason of operations of the affiliations. IGA should respond quickly to the changing need of the customers in the present putting aside a couple of minutes layout, as this time is flooding with challenges and opportunities. The future structure for the affiliation should be to put the customers at the heart of business (Wang). The alliance needs to listen them and proceed to the table imaginative systems for shopping. IGA should give things overhauled costs also showed prize endeavors. To maintain a strategic distance from the disagreements identified with destroyed vegetables and regular things they ought to put new verdant supports on their racks. IGA ought to give persevering transport of brand over all mediums. They may build up a framework to settle the client protestations in under twenty-four hours. Enactment Purposes of future strategies With a specific completed goal to update execution in the powerful period, the affiliation needs to concentrate on the running with degrees to upgrade execution. Their execution targets may pivot: Reducing the reliance over old frameworks and to make structures, which are independent and robotized. Provision of worth stock and associations to clients. To advancement adaptability in their operations to show changes as indicated by the propelling necessities. To enhance the rate of associations and development of things by working up a proficient and serious creation framework system. To give things at the best sticker costs, The Company made solid relations with suppliers to enhance store framework which will at last point of interest the clients by giving them less immoderate things (Prez-Llantada 221-235). Conclusion Metcash has constantly stayed as one of the best and trusted retailer in Australia. Despite competition the association has functioned well in the business area and have turned out to be industriously. On the reason of general examination by the association its clear that Metcash have established direct as well as immaculate system for customer immovability change. The association have stayed in gathering support practices as well. The basic part is that the progression of the buyers as well as the shareholders, the association has developed a easy store system which has helped the association to give the best quality things to buyers at a less costly price. This exhibit moreover structures buyer constancy. The company have continually based on improvement for acquisition of better things and organizations. The fundamental things that are negative which has been viewed instead of recklessness in the latest couple of years, the association has stayed low profile in internet organizing which has constantly been a focal point of its competitors. Due to this issue the association fail to totally guarantee its possible business part. The buyers of Metcash are individuals instead of an organization so customers have a huge amount of impact for the association. Recommendations The alliance is psyche blowing in contributing intense expenses, still the connection has to aim more on expense affiliation system. The connection has created an OK stock system arrange yet key affiliations might help the company in demonstrating at change rates and specifically in transforming into overall place all through the world. In the later years the connection focused on lowering the cost to the shortcoming of delegates, the association need to target on HR since it's the human resource department which deals with the customers. References Anderson, Dale L, Paul Franklin Shaffer, and Marvin D Volz.Improved Methods Of Displaying And Handling Produce In Retail Food Stores. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Transportation and Facilities Research Division, 1962. Print. Bernard, Paul.Integrated Inventory Management. New York: John Wiley, 1999. Print. Bird, Jo. "The Retail Dominance Of Supermarkets In Australia: A Growing Geography Of Pseudo-Foods And Its Implications For Obesity".IJLSE4.3 (2011): 265. Web. HamdanMohammad, Adel. "Innovative Guidelines To Enrich Knowledge Management And Improve Organization Performance".International Journal of Computer Applications110.9 (2015): 4-8. Web. "Inventory Management".Vox Sanguinis98.3p1 (2010): e295-e363. Web. Kosorukov, Oleg Anatolyevich and Olga Alexandrovna Sviridova. "Effective Strategy Formation Models For Inventory Management Under The Conditions Of Uncertainty".International Education Studies8.7 (2015): n. pag. Web. Lovelock, Christopher H.Services Marketing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001. Print. Mckeown, Max.The Strategy Book. Harlow, England: Pearson, 2012. Print. Muller, Max.Essentials Of Inventory Management. New York: AMACOM, 2003. Print. Prez-Llantada, Carmen. "The Article Of The Future: Strategies For Genre Stability And Change".English for Specific Purposes32.4 (2013): 221-235. Web. Pinhanez, Claudio. "Services As Customer-Intensive Systems".Design Issues25.2 (2009): 3-13. Web. Schneible Jr., Richard A. "Information Transfer And Firm-Level Generic Strategy".SSRN Electronic Journaln. pag. Web. SCHULZ., T. "CONSUMPTION OF GROCERIES".Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics Statistics10.4 (2009): 105-116. Web. Serrano, Alejandro and Santiago Kraiselburd. "Economic Order Quantity And The Value Of The Firm".SSRN Electronic Journaln. pag. Web. "Special Issue Of Production And Operations Management : Retail Operations".Production and Operations Management18.1 (2009): 127-127. Web. Valiris, George and Michalis Glykas. "Business Analysis Metrics For Business Process Redesign".Business Process Mgmt Journal10.4 (2004): 445-480. Web. van Gelder, Sicco. "Global Brand Strategy".J Brand Manag12.1 (2004): 39-48. Web. Veljanovski, Cento. "Metcash, Market Power And Counterfactuals".SSRN Electronic Journaln. pag. Web. Wang, Lu-in. "When The Customer Is King: Employment Discrimination As Customer Service".SSRN Electronic Journaln. pag. Web.

The Unexpected Truth About Mexican Research Paper Topics

The Unexpected Truth About Mexican Research Paper Topics The Appeal of Mexican Research Paper Topics Your topic idea needs to be something it's possible to complete in a timely matter and offer interesting information for readers. If you are fighting to discover a topic you're in luck. Undoubtedly, it would be much simpler that you learn more about the topic that's related to the area of your interest. The most suitable topic will help you get good grades as a bad choice will earn you disapproval from the professor. You wish to start off with ideas which will help you generate original ideas. An excellent method to think of novel and special idea is to scout internet or figure out the hottest topic in the news. For some however it can be quite tough to come up with that inspirational idea in regards to what it is you should study. Thus you might get the idea about what you want to write about yourself. The War Against Mexican Research Paper Topics Greatest college research paper topics are the ones which are original. A research paper needs to be precise and based just on proven facts. Your research paper ought to have all the proper components. Every research paper involves lots of methodologies. If you realize that you are drawn to ancient drawings or symbols, then you're on the correct track. As your work progresses, you will discover yourself more into it, and you are going to be in a position to enjoy it. You won't only be in a position to put forth your ideas in best possible fashion however, you will also delight in writing it. In decision of the research paper, the principal ideas are summarized. With our innovative essay software, watch the caliber of your work improve, though your stress levels decrease. You'll observe that with the suitable topic on your side the capacity to find a fantastic grade will be highly increased. To turn into an astrologer is more than simply knowing someone's sign or having extra sensory perception for this matter. You could think of the root of tension and investigate the issue on the scientific level. Click the read more to get There is a great deal of heated debate on several health issues not just in United States of america , but also in different areas of the world. Furthermore, the paper represents the measures which ought to be taken to lower the ability of the Mexican drug cartels. The most apparent of the rest of the results was the land mass ceded to the USA by Mexico. The wide variety of health research papers topics may confuse many students, and if you buy an opportunity to settle on a topic independently, you should evaluate your abilities and brainstorm ideas to produce the right choice. Do not pick a research paper topic that's quite tough to research about. You should always work to locate a research topic that interests you greatly as then you'll have interest in actually doing the job. It's possible to discover decent research paper topics without putting an excessive amount of effort into the search. Picking a topic is only one step in a very long collection of steps necessary to finished a research paper. Before you commence writing your research paper, at first, it is very important to comprehend what the topic is all about. At times it is the way you look at or approach the topic that can help you see how and what things to write about. After the topic is chosen, it would be useful to make an outline so you could see whether you have sufficient information for good-structured research paper. Medical Research Paper Writing ideas To compose a superb medical research paper, study the following advice and outline. Writing on Japan can be quite so much fun when you have the correct topic to work on.

Arguments Solutions - A Beginners Guide

Arguments Solutions - A Beginner's GuideArgument solutions can be described as a set of essay topics with which you will develop a comprehensive essay that will answer the question and make it clear to your reader that you have indeed answered their question. You should therefore be sure that you have put together all the essential information that you can gather for your argument solution essay.Argument solutions can either be based on a thesis or an opponent. For example, the thesis is a point of view with respect to which the author holds. The opponent is the view of the issue. There are many instances where you could use the name of the opposing view, such as 'This party is against this proposition.'For each problem you face in your life, you can ask yourself what exactly is the issue. An example of an issue that can make up an argument would be: 'I am having trouble with homework.' This person is in need of additional help and they would be comfortable putting the issue on the t able in their own words.Once you have decided on a topic, write down the appropriate words that you will use to support your argument, stating that you have valid grounds for this position. Remember to avoid using statistics and lists of facts. This is because these are the two most common methods used by your opponents in an attempt to intimidate you and get you to back down.After that, you will need to answer the question that your audience would want to know the answer to. These questions may include; 'Why do I need to study?' 'What can I learn from the topic?'Practice writing the essay from start to finish, reading it aloud to yourself, and developing the key component of your essay. Then your essay should be just right for submission to an academic journal. You do not need to worry about how the paper will be graded as most of the tests are based on essay type and content.A successful argument solution essay should also contain a conclusion. You may find it helpful to research the topic first, as there may be many essays that deal with the same subject. When writing the conclusion, you should only provide supporting evidence for your argument and then provide examples that show the readers how to apply your ideas.You can find these types of essays and ideas online, in most of which you will find some good argument solution tips. With the right knowledge, you can easily create an argument solution essay.

Introduction to An Argumentative Essay

Introduction to An Argumentative EssayThe main purpose of the introduction is to establish a point and persuade the reader to move onto the body of the essay. The first step is to establish a problem, which could be about a problem that has been faced by the author in their life. It can also be a personal experience of the author's life.The second step is to make a case for why this essay is relevant to the topic, and convince the reader to read on to the body of the essay. This can be done through a logical argument, that is, one that makes sense and convincing the reader of this fact. In this way, the introduction will convince the reader to continue on the body of the essay and not skip it.The third step is to show how the author has applied the points established in the introduction to other aspects of their life and how they have reached this point. It also shows how you have applied the same principles. It should explain how the arguments you are presenting actually apply in yo ur life, in a way that makes sense and makes the reader want to learn more.The fourth step is to demonstrate how this essay is relevant to the theme of the essay. To do this, it is recommended that you use an example, which can be used as a guide to what you are talking about. It will show the reader that your essay is relevant to the theme and highlight that you are talking about something that has already been explained.The fifth step is to establish what the essay is about. A brief synopsis of the essay, how it is related to the theme and who will benefit from reading it. You can use this to help you sell the value of the essay to the reader.The sixth step is to introduce the essay. This can be done by using an example. However, if this is the first time you are writing an essay on the same topic, it is important to outline the entire article in your own words, because it will help you create a coherent introduction.The seventh step is to finish by closing the introduction by int roducing the author and summarizing what has been discussed in the essay. If there is still any information that needs to be explained, it is advised that you include it in the last paragraph.The main purpose of the introduction is to gain the reader's attention. This can be done through a simple introduction that is well structured and written.

Steps in Writing an Expository Essay

Steps in Writing an Expository EssayWhen you are struggling to write an expository essay, you may be looking for the steps in writing an expository essay. If you follow some of these steps, you can certainly make a good start.The first thing you must do is get a lot of examples of what the writer will be discussing. This will allow you to formulate your thoughts well.Let's say you're writing an essay about human nature. You need examples that can help you in how to present it. Here are some tips:When you are looking for steps in writing an expository essay, the first thing you must do is determine what kind of expository essay you want to write. This will help you identify your topic and the topics that you want to include in your essay. An example would be if you're writing an essay on the life of Mahatma Gandhi.Next, you have to know whether or not you want to go into a difficult section. Since it is an expository essay, you can try to go into a controversial subject but if you don 't want to go into one, make sure you write down why you want to talk about this topic. It's very important that you create a well written article.Finally, let's say you are writing about animal rights. You have to think of the people who may be reading your article.Finally, you have to make sure that you write the essay well. This means you should not just prepare an essay. You also have to think of something to write and make sure that you allow yourself enough time to write.

Life Through Music free essay sample

The morning air made my fingers cold as I walked into the gym. I could hear the telltale sounds of an orchestra warming up. The middle-school orchestra had come to play for us, and the piece they performed was Brandenburg’s Concerto #3 in C Major. I fell in love with that piece, and even though I was only a fourth-grader, I vowed to play it one day. At that point, I knew little about music, but I loved the way it sounded. Following that assembly, I immediately went to the sign-up table. I looked at the many instruments and didn’t have any idea which to pick. They all looked the same. I did notice that the viola was the least chosen. So I signed up for it; the viola to violin ratio was astounding. I was, however, content with my choice. Our first day of rehearsal, my young mind was shocked. We will write a custom essay sample on Life Through Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The orchestra had 14 violins, two violas, and one cello. It was a rather pathetic little group, but we all had one thing in common: we loved our instruments. We played through Mary Had a Little Lamb and Hot Cross Buns with a lot of difficulty, but still we played. We had heart, which is so important when playing an instrument. I kept playing though elementary and middle school, and finally I got to high school. I got my first viola for my birthday freshman year. (Previously I had used school rentals). It was Hungarian, and didn’t have the best tone because I hadn’t learned to break it in, but I eventually did with my first private teacher. I took lessons at the Pasadena Conservatory of Music during sophomore year with an experienced violist who played in our local symphony orchestra. She taught me to hone my skill, and I’ll always remember when she said, You have the skill, Evan, but you lack the will power. Those words motivated me to practice more and become active not only in my school orchestra, but also in school itself. Now a senior, I have been playing the viola for eight years. I have almost given up many times, and had it not been for the persistence of my family and teacher, I probably would have. Playing the viola has helped me with many skills, including my level of responsibility. It has also helped me to organize my thoughts and my life. Learning the viola also prompted me to begin an entire life dedicated to music. I have learned the guitar, drums and bass guitar with help in no small part as a result of my experience with the viola. It has truly led me down a musical path, and I trust it will continue to do so for years to come.

Cjs 230 Week 5 Assignment Essays

Cjs 230 Week 5 Assignment Essays Cjs 230 Week 5 Assignment Essay Cjs 230 Week 5 Assignment Essay Prison Systems CJS/230 March 28, 2010 Axia College of the University of Phoenix In the United States of America, there are several different types of incarceration facilities that criminal offenders, both convicted and accused my end up. The two most distinguishable different facilities post-conviction are the state prison systems and the federal bureau of prisons. These units house a wide array of criminals, from the lowest of low scum to the high profile â€Å"Hannibal Lector† types. The range of crimes is equally different, from sexual offences and aggravated murder charges all of the way down to so called white collar crimes and too many DWI’s. In short, the intricate designs and diversity contribute to an experience all to its own. First of all, we are going to discuss state prisons. They are exactly what they sound like – a prison that is run by the state that the jurisdiction falls under. It is said that the bulk of the one million-plus felons that reside in the United States are housed in state ran correctional institutions (Foster, 2006). According to Newsweek columnist Dahlia Lithwick, â€Å"The United States, with 5 percent of the worlds population, houses nearly 25 percent of the worlds prisoners† (Lathwick 2009). Although the basic standards have been set and put forth by the American Correctional Association or ACA for short, the states have different laws and regulations that may vary from state to state. For examples, some states allow capital punishment, while others do not. The prisons within the states also depend on the specific needs of the offender, as well as custody levels, which we will get into further later on in the writing. The general purpose of a prison is to confine felons to a term that was set during their trial as a punishment for the type of conviction that they have received for a committed crime. Their length of stay may depend on several things, including parole, behavior, crime-type and state laws that vary. The history begins with people trying to find a more humane punishment for criminals several hundred years ago, and is still developing to this very day. They began as an isolated punishment from criminals and then developed into places with better lighting and ability for guarded supervision. Over the years, they went from labor intensive models, to working models, doing community services among other things. They also had developed types of penal institutions that facilitated factory labor, such as license plates, and agriculture unites that grow things. Some of these practices are still used today. For example, they make road signs and have food farms in Texas for both agriculture produce and livestock alike. Panopticon was a prison with light from the top due to the glass roof. This was proposed by a man named Jeremy Bentham. The Pennsylvania and Auburn model penitentiaries became the easiest and most popular types due to the economical and financial ease. Industrial prisons were perfected in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, and then stepped down in popularity to the agriculture prison, or prison farm. Also, work camps did public works projects. Today’s prisons typically have five different custody levels (or a combination of). You have maximum security units, which are heavily secured and more isolated with far less offender movement then the lower custody upgrades. This is sometimes referred to as closed custody, or administrative segregation. You also have close-high-security prisons. This is close to the high risk, but gives a little bit more freedom within the unit’s confines. Medium-risk offenders typically see newer units with double fences and a higher guard-to-inmate ration. According to Foster (2006), about thirty-five percent of offenders fall into this category. From there, you have the minimum security prisons. Smaller prisons with fewer internal controls and a larger ration to guards and inmates dictate these facilities. Finally, you have what is commonly known as trustees, or open-security facilities. They hardly resemble prisons, and typically don’t even have locked doors or fences to confine the inmates. Other prison types include the infamous super-max unit that holds the most evil and deadly of inmates to the highest custody level possible and special housing units with security conditions similar to super-max farms, but house disciplinary offenders for shorter periods rather then long-term. There are many differences in the state prison systems out there. For example, custody levels, as previously mentioned, are typically governed by the crime that the criminal has committed and the security threat that they are classified as having. They also have to keep in mind that there are rules that must be followed, and as such, the frequency and severity of the infractions, usually called â€Å"good time†, can lower or raise the level of custody. You also have to take into consideration the types of units out there and their purpose in order to adequately describe the variances. Some are meant to educate and rehabilitate, as well as others are designed to progressively prepare offenders for re-entry into society. You also have units that are designed to produce and do work, or create food for the prison system, and others that are designed solely to segregate the problem-offenders from the rest of the general population. There are several differences, but in contrast, they all have several things in common. For starters, they are housing felons. Security and punishment is a common denominator. Federal prisons were established by Congress in 1930. Some things in consideration are unit management, mandatory literacy, gender-neutral employment, family culture and legal standards. The criminal types are those that have been convicted in Federal court for a multiplicity of crimes, ranging from white collar to extremely violent. They have minimum, low, medium, high and administrative maximum security levels. The conditions are typically better then state prison, and have a greater budget to work with. Being in prison is not meant to be fun. Criminals reside in state and federal prisons because they did something that is illegal. As such, they are punished, and the type of crime usually dictates the level of custody. Some units can help you become more educated, while others will lock you in a cell and allow you do â€Å"hard time†. One thing is for sure; prison is constantly developing, and will be every changing forever. References Foster, B. (2006). Corrections: The Fundamentals. Prentice-Hall, 123(5). Retrieved on March 28, 2010 using the University of Phoenix database. Lithwick, D. (5 June, 2009). Pour Real Prison Problem. Newsweek, June 2009 Issue, pg 1(4).