Tuesday, August 6, 2019
Animal Experimentation Essay Example for Free
Animal Experimentation Essay Throughout history, animal experimentation has played an important role in leading to new discoveries and human benefit. However, what many people tend to forget are the great numbers of animal subjects that have suffered serious harm during the process of experimentation. Many people are believed to be ignorant or misunderstand the nature of the lives that animals actually live, and are unable to understand the actual laboratory procedures and techniques. Other than the philosophical questions that arise, ethical (moral) questions are the main reason why many animal right activists want it banned in every country. Activists feel that to this day, there should be no good reason why any living thing should be subjected to this cruel punishment and unwanted torture just for serving another being’s needs. Although animal experimentation has been around for centuries, the ethical revival of realization on the moral status of animals began in the 1970’s. This problem was a few among many that had been quietly hidden for years until the 1970’s. Such movements like gaining rights for the oppressed, expressions of antiwar opinions in the U. S. A, and the women’s liberation movement, accompanied the movement for the ending animal experimentation. The animal rights movement has grown more and more complicated through its use of strategy and has successfully brought the issue of laboratory research to the eyes of the public. All forms of media, magazines, radio, television, newspapers, have increased their exposure of animal right protests over the last several years while giving room for groups to produce their own publications. In these publications, activists constantly make the analogy between the work of abolitionists before the emancipation and the efforts of animal right activists. This analogy of racism and â€Å"speciesism†was brought about by a philosopher named Richard Ryder in 1985 and brings up the issue of research with animal subjects to be emotionally unpredictable for many people. (Sperling Susan – Applied Ethics in Animal Research Introduction pgs 4-6) One of the biggest problems and the main reason why animal experimentation should be banned is the large percentage of birth defects that occur. The difference is that humans may also a longer period of fetal development and be more sensitive to birth defects agents than other species. One example of another problem with animal experimentation are that animals can be given nicotine directly as opposed to being exposed to it as a human would for years. Another would be that stress caused by animal handling, whether it be because of lack food or water, may have adverse effects on pregnancy or its ability to mate with the opposite sex. Also these tests are too insensitive and tend to disregard learning or behavioral problems. Our plain existence can influence the behavior of animals and disturb activities such as feeding, care- giving, and mating conduct. (Cognitive and deep ethnology and the great ape project- page 82-86) There have even been laws that have been recently erected to protect the existence and safety of these animal â€Å"victims†. One law known as Kanjorski’s Law states that any substance (that is tested on an animal) that can harm a fetal embryo in development, can call the validity of the tests into question. Several factors can determine the effects on the results based on the different kind of species that are used during experimentation. The genetic difference between species can affect its ability to defend itself or a difference in the placenta may also affect the animal tests. (Birth Defect Research-Why Animal Experiments Are Not the Answer) In 1986, a German law was passed and was known as the Animal Protection Act. This act forbade experimentation of tobacco products, washing powders, cosmetics, and the testing of weapons on animals. Soon after this law was passed in Germany, many countries started to adopt the law along with new laws such as the ban on LD50 test and the Draize eye irritancy test. Ld50 is a lethal dose that painfully kills nearly 50 percent of the animals that it is injected into, and the Draize test which can cause blindness in rabbits. Places such as the UK define each limit as to having a limit that should not be succeeded, and if done so would be a criminal offense. Every decade, animal experimentation could be looked at in a different light and activists will always be there to defend animal rights. From the 1960’s to the early 1980’s, teens from eleven to seventeen tried to impress judges of science- fair competitions with cruel live animal experiments. This is just one example of how animal experimentation exists everywhere when supervision is missing. It is also about how laws are not enforced to stop such heinous acts of abuse. The usual projects that the students did were, starving animals to death, blinding the animals, mammalian surgery, and the injection of lethal substances. Although, improvements have been made to convince schools to restrict animal testing. Federal laws do not exist. Thus there are no provisions in this area that ban dissection or mistreatment, and the National Association of Biology Teachers are not responsible. However, the amendment made in 1985 to the Animal Welfare Act required a group committee to review how the uses of animals were to be used in the some of the college courses at some but not all. Despite the fact that rats, mice and birds are excluded from the Animal Welfare Act, activist reform groups have just started their mission and are nowhere near the end. (Orleans, Barbara F. Ethnical Themes Governing Animal Experiments) We should make every effort to study separate animals and to learn more about their abilities to feel their torture, psychologically and physically to understand their true feelings. Hopefully in the future, we will no longer have to depend on animals to give us results on safe products. We could also be the ones chained up and experimented on by a higher being in the near future.
Monday, August 5, 2019
Professional Practice Is Adhering To Policies And Procedures Nursing Essay
Professional Practice Is Adhering To Policies And Procedures Nursing Essay Professional practice requires some fundamental foundation of the thought process learned from theory from but not limited to lectures and readings. Professional Practice is adhering to policies and procedures regulating bodies put in place such as competency models that professionals practicing in the healthcare sector must meet, Nurses Council of New Zealand, (2007). This includes having an understanding of self-functioning, cultural safety imperatives, a defined knowledge base being the science of nursing and includes progression and expertise, (Richardson, 2004). Professional caring is about developing a power-sharing relationship; there must be trust between the nurse and the client. The nurse must be respectful of their clients rights and dignity and apply nursing skills as an art. In this assessment I will describe how both professional practice and professional caring have a relationship. The relationship must be synergistic and only work well if you have both professional practice and caring together, in order for synergism to be maintained the nurse needs to be self-aware, merging theory the (Science) and the practice the (Art), (Taylor, 2007). Professional Practice Nurses practice as healthcare team member(s) and abide(s) by rules and regulations set out by governing bodies such as the New Zealand Nurses Organisation, (NZNO) and Nursing Council of New Zealand, (NCNZ). Professional nursing practice in my view relates to healthcare worker(s) whom must be honest, ethical, have high morals and boundaries and follow these same guidelines set by governing bodies. The professional practicing nurse must at all times act in a culturally safe way with their knowledge and understanding of working with different cultures from different ethnic backgrounds, age sexual orientation and gender. NZNO, states culture is not only ethno-specific, but includes the cultures of class, sexual orientation, age and gender. General values, characteristic of ethical systems as a result of European tradition and have been used to develop values nurses practice by and statements to guide that same practice regardless of its setting (NZNO, 1997 p.7). In order for the nurse to practice professionally he or she must have a broad knowledge of the sciences through theory of the human body and health. Values and beliefs should be portrayed to the client to meet their individual needs. Healthcare professionals should be seen to be practicing proactively, advocating for every client in every setting and be approachable. The professional should approach every situation client and patient with individuality and merit, (NCNZ 2007). The professional nurse should be practicing effectively, with an effective client focussed outcome promoting effective wellness plan(s) using their knowledge of problem solving skills. This includes that they are motivated to help others and provide a practice in a confident organised sometimes autonomous seamless way. Benner, Tanner Chesla, (1996) suggests professional nursing practice includes an innovative level of critical thinking validated by an inspired analysing process. Professional practicing nurses use life experience and knowledge from similar situations and circumstances to be able to perceive what sometimes cannot be explained, this requires imagination which does not always require science but an intuition that comes with professional nursing practice experience. A person does not come into the world predefined, but becomes defined in the course of living a life. A person also has an effortless and non-reflective understanding of himself/herself in the world (Heidegger 1962, in Benner Wrubel, 1989, p.41). Professional Caring My understanding of professional caring is a person giving versus a person receiving. It is a relationship in which the person receiving the professional care is as important and has as much say in their wellness plan as the professional carer and the care given incorporates their values, beliefs, culture family and whanau it may include a multi-disciplinary team should other health professionals be involved in their wellness program, (NCNZ, 2005). The skill(s) obtained through extensive education knowledge can be used to care professionally in any clinical setting. Professional caring is a trust formed between client and nurse regardless of their setting. The relationship has a positive impact on the client and their health , (Cowley, 1995). A committed approach is taken to ensure accuracy and promote wellness for the client, Polanyi (1962). The client is entitled to professional treatment that adheres to societal expectations under the statutory code of conduct set by governing bodies which gives the public rights to a minimum standard that is expected from nurses, (NZNO, 2001). Professional caring is a formulation of factors of how professional carers should behave in any healthcare setting. Showing the professional carer has a sound understanding of what is right or wrong, a set of ideals, ideals used or articulated in making the correct judgements. Professional caring is accepting individuality or accepting groups as a whole in any healthcare setting making sound non-judgemental decisions (NZNO, 2001) Professional carers must act ethically and maintain a standard of practice, which is the foundation for adhering to core competences set by the Nurses Council New Zealand. Professional caring is respecting the rights and dignity of the client or patient. Making sure the client or patient is safe at all times but not limited to ensuring the client or patient is comfortable also maintains their freedom to choice. Professional caring is justifying the right to care with the publics trust and confidence, (NCNZ 2008). Relationship between professional Practice and Professional Caring Professional practice and professional caring work side by side. They need each other. Without professional practice professional caring the doing, would not be effective nor have valuable outcomes for a client/patient focused wellness point of view. A healthcare professional needs to use theory in education to be proficient and meet the required outcomes set by governing authoritys guidelines. These outcomes are to be used in the everyday professional healthcare environment regardless of its setting, and regardless of whether we are talking about professional practice or professional caring (Benner 1984). However it is important for the healthcare professional to recognise the difference between the professional practice and professional caring in order to use them simultaneously. This ensures the outcomes are person centred and equate to successful professional practices the science of nursing is adhered to and is provided in a way that professionalism is maintained by the professional caring The art of nursing. Knowledge includes research, scientific enquiry this knowledge is gained from journals, ideals of science, biology, sociology and but not limited to pharmacology Piedmont (1997). Parker (1997) states aesthetic knowledge involves proficient practice and the inspiration to care. Inspiration to care is the drive to care for someone and enable him or her to cope with their illness or disability to enjoy a higher level of wellbeing and value of life. Darbyshire (1994) states caring is also about having empathy towards the persons experience, an understanding into the extent of the persons condition and the lived experience but not limited to pain and illnesses. Polyani (1966) speaks of personal knowledge and how it involves becoming self-aware. It does not stem from literature or theory that it refers simply to the fact we know more than we can say or as Benner and Tanner (1981 p. 8) refer to as the understanding without rationale'. It can be as valid as technical knowledge and carers can be assertive in using as a validation for their actions. Marks-Maran and Rose (1997) states intuition is widely accepted in nursing and has been cited as a vital part of professional clinical nursing practice (Benner and Tanner 1981). Conclusion In this assignment I have discussed professional practice and how practicing is regulated by governing bodies. Professional practice has cultural safety aspects relating to clients. In order to practice nurses need a defined knowledge of science which involves progression and expertise. Professional caring is about developing a power-sharing relationship developing a trust between nurse and client, respecting their rights and dignity including the art of nursing. The relationship between professional practice and professional caring needs a synergistic relationship and only work well if you use both together. The nurse requires the skill of self-awareness merging the theory (Science) and Practice (Art) to enable an effective healthcare environment.
Sunday, August 4, 2019
History Of Rock And Roll Essay example -- Music History Research Paper
History of Rock and Roll                     INTRODUCTION Rock and Roll started after the year 1955 with its roots being in Blues, Gospel, and Jazz. This influenced vocal music, which was popular with the African American population. Hep Harmony which added rhythm and harmony was sung by groups such as The "Mills Brothers" and the "Ink Spots".      Small Swing Bands or Jump Bands featured saxophone soloists and repeated phrases. These city style blues featured singers such as Joe Turner, Dina Washington, T-Bone Walker, and composer-singer Percy Mayfield.      During this era, country blues traditions of the south became influential in the North as well. Blacks moved from the South to the North and Chicago became the center of blues recordings. This emphasized electric guitars, harmonicas, and drummers who emphasized after beats (beats 2 and 4 of the measure). Black gospel music was very popular and given the label of rhythm and blues (R&B). This music was carried on radio and popular with the disc jockeys.      In the mid 50's, Chuck Berry and Little Richard were popular and changed the face of music, which was named rock and roll by the D.J.'s.                          1956-1962      At age 21, in 1956, Elvis Presley was introduced to the public with his rockabilly style of music. His first record, "Heartbreak Hotel" was recorded. It was the first of a consecutive 14 records to sell over one million copies.      He inspired other country singers to sing rock and roll. This started a trend for "cover" recordings. This was when white singers simplified versions of Black recorded songs. White singers were played on more radio stations and became very popular.      Young listeners became their largest audience. Young singers were hired to record songs featuring adolescent issues. "Young Love", "16 Candles", and "Teenage Crush".     Such singers as Little Richard, Chuck Berry, and Jerry Lee Lewis became famous and popular.      Love ballads also became more popular, with the musical audience looking for sentimental and honest expression. This turned some of the more popular music from rock to folk ballads. Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, and Peter, Paul, and Mary were the more popular folk singers.           1963-1969      During this period, the Beatles became the most popular band of the 1960's. In the 1... ...r first album, Led Zeppelin, in 1968. Other popular albums included Led Zeppelin II (1969), III (1970), and IV (1971), Houses of the Holy (1971), The Song Remains the Same (1976), and In Through the Out Door (1976). Their most famous song was `Stairway to Heaven' (1971). With the death of Bonham in 1980, the band was at a great loss, and band members (Plant and Page) went on to solo careers. The reunion of the remaining band members was in 1985, for a Live Aid benefit concert in Philadelphia. Another reunion took place in 1988 for Atlantic Records' 40th anniversary celebration (John Bonham's son, Jason, played the drums).                          SUMMARY      There were many other bands not mentioned in this report that influenced music in the 60's, 70's, and the 80's. Some of these bands include Pink Floyd, The Doors, Eagles, Genesis, CSNY (Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young), The Monkees, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Chicago, Fleetwood Mac, Jackson Browne, Michael Jackson, and many others.      Rock and Roll has been an important part of young peoples lives for decades and decades to come. Music is a way of expression for some and a way of relaxing for others.
Saturday, August 3, 2019
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay -- Sir Gawain and the Green Knig
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight - Character Analysis of Sir Gawain "The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell" is a medieval romance poem written by an anonymous author. Sir Gawain is one of the major characters in the poem. He is a very likable personality. Sir Gawain represents an ideal knight of the fourteenth century. Throughout the story, we see Sir Gawain portrayed as a very courteous and noble knight, always trying to help King Arthur. The characteristics of Sir Gawain like kindness, generosity and firmness are revealed from his actions. Sir Gawain is a very gentle and noble knight, always willing to help people, particularly his king. King Arthur is in a bad predicament, as he has killed a deer while hunting in the woods. To save his life, King Arthur has a period of twelve months to find the answer to the question: What is it that women most desire? Of King Arthur's knights, Gawain is the only one who can help King Arthur: "Sir, me marvailithe right sore, Whate thing that thou sorrowist fore." (329). King Arthur is depressed about the entire situation, and needs a friend to understand him and help him. Sir Gawain being a noble and gentile knight is willing to help King Arthur with his problem. Sir Gawain suggests that the two of them ask everyone for the answer: 'Ye, Sir make good chere; Let make your hors redy To ride in straunge contrey; And evere wheras ye mete outher man or woman, in faye, Ask of them in whate they therto saye.'(330). He travels to different places to find the answer to the question, in order to help King Arthur. Sir Gawain is a noble and loyal knight. The test of his loyalty to King Arthur comes into play when King Arthur asks Gawain to marry the ugly woman named Dame Ragnell. The author descr... ...he challenge of the Green Knight. During his in the Hautdesert castle, the Character of Sir Gawain his tested by the Green Knight. He fails his last test, and is no more perfect he is still a courageous, loyal knight, that kept his promise to King Arthur. Works Cited Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. In The Norton Anthology of Literature. Ed. M.H.Abrams, et al. Vol I. Sixth Edition. New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 1993, pp 200-256. Bobr, Janet. Origin. 1998. November 30, 1998.Online. Internet. Available http: csis.pace.edu/grendel/prjs2f/gawain2.htm Finker, Leonid. Sir Gawain the Noble Knight. 1996. November 30, 1998. Online. Internet. Available http: csis.pace.edu/grendel/proj2a/sirgaw.html Sera, Joe. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight- Close Reading of Lines 130-202. 1997. November 2, 1998. Online. Internet. Available http: csis.pace.edu/grendel/projs3f/proj2.html Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay -- Sir Gawain and the Green Knig Sir Gawain and the Green Knight - Character Analysis of Sir Gawain "The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell" is a medieval romance poem written by an anonymous author. Sir Gawain is one of the major characters in the poem. He is a very likable personality. Sir Gawain represents an ideal knight of the fourteenth century. Throughout the story, we see Sir Gawain portrayed as a very courteous and noble knight, always trying to help King Arthur. The characteristics of Sir Gawain like kindness, generosity and firmness are revealed from his actions. Sir Gawain is a very gentle and noble knight, always willing to help people, particularly his king. King Arthur is in a bad predicament, as he has killed a deer while hunting in the woods. To save his life, King Arthur has a period of twelve months to find the answer to the question: What is it that women most desire? Of King Arthur's knights, Gawain is the only one who can help King Arthur: "Sir, me marvailithe right sore, Whate thing that thou sorrowist fore." (329). King Arthur is depressed about the entire situation, and needs a friend to understand him and help him. Sir Gawain being a noble and gentile knight is willing to help King Arthur with his problem. Sir Gawain suggests that the two of them ask everyone for the answer: 'Ye, Sir make good chere; Let make your hors redy To ride in straunge contrey; And evere wheras ye mete outher man or woman, in faye, Ask of them in whate they therto saye.'(330). He travels to different places to find the answer to the question, in order to help King Arthur. Sir Gawain is a noble and loyal knight. The test of his loyalty to King Arthur comes into play when King Arthur asks Gawain to marry the ugly woman named Dame Ragnell. The author descr... ...he challenge of the Green Knight. During his in the Hautdesert castle, the Character of Sir Gawain his tested by the Green Knight. He fails his last test, and is no more perfect he is still a courageous, loyal knight, that kept his promise to King Arthur. Works Cited Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. In The Norton Anthology of Literature. Ed. M.H.Abrams, et al. Vol I. Sixth Edition. New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 1993, pp 200-256. Bobr, Janet. Origin. 1998. November 30, 1998.Online. Internet. Available http: csis.pace.edu/grendel/prjs2f/gawain2.htm Finker, Leonid. Sir Gawain the Noble Knight. 1996. November 30, 1998. Online. Internet. Available http: csis.pace.edu/grendel/proj2a/sirgaw.html Sera, Joe. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight- Close Reading of Lines 130-202. 1997. November 2, 1998. Online. Internet. Available http: csis.pace.edu/grendel/projs3f/proj2.html
Clear Lake :: essays research papers
I looked ahead of myself, letting my feet do the work, for a moment. The trail seemed so distant and lengthy in front of me. The blue sky filled with scattered puffy, white like cotton clouds. The long grasses tickled at my legs, which were covered with nothing more than my shorts. My boyfriend and I were on our annual hike to Clear Lake. An obviously attractive name for a beautiful body of water. Clear Lake was an icy cold from the glacier run off but after a 2 day hike up a mountain ridge it always seemed enjoyable and refreshing. The lake itself was surrounded by magnificently smooth boulders, which I was told, became so soft to touch from glaciers.The water was undeniably clear and inviting, covered by small pebbles at the bottom and little ripples on the surface. On one side of the small,clear lake was a discreet beach away from the trail. But the lake itself was very discreet at the most people I would ever see is maybe 1 or 2 in a day. Todd, my boyfriend, and I lay on the beach the years before in each others arms. Watching as insects passed over our heads and the world turned while the cotton clouds moved from left to right.It surprises me that we are up here so soon considering the nightmare we experienced the previous year. I sighed and dared to reach back into my head and pull out the dreaded memories I had tried to neglect.The night was young but Todd and I had been hiking all day. Our feet ached along with many other body parts. We built a fire and were up past the lake because we decided to explore a little bit further up, considering we both had some extra days off of work. The winter had been a cold one and there seemed to be little snow melting because the lake appeared low. I felt a chill descend through my body and my hair stuck straight up out of every hair follicle in my body. Leaning back, I took notice to the moon and saw how crisp and serene the mountain sky was. I always loved looking at stars when I went camping, there are so many more to see to the naked eye. The milky way was so easy to see, it looked as though someone had accidentally spilt glitter on a piece of black construction paper. Clear Lake :: essays research papers I looked ahead of myself, letting my feet do the work, for a moment. The trail seemed so distant and lengthy in front of me. The blue sky filled with scattered puffy, white like cotton clouds. The long grasses tickled at my legs, which were covered with nothing more than my shorts. My boyfriend and I were on our annual hike to Clear Lake. An obviously attractive name for a beautiful body of water. Clear Lake was an icy cold from the glacier run off but after a 2 day hike up a mountain ridge it always seemed enjoyable and refreshing. The lake itself was surrounded by magnificently smooth boulders, which I was told, became so soft to touch from glaciers.The water was undeniably clear and inviting, covered by small pebbles at the bottom and little ripples on the surface. On one side of the small,clear lake was a discreet beach away from the trail. But the lake itself was very discreet at the most people I would ever see is maybe 1 or 2 in a day. Todd, my boyfriend, and I lay on the beach the years before in each others arms. Watching as insects passed over our heads and the world turned while the cotton clouds moved from left to right.It surprises me that we are up here so soon considering the nightmare we experienced the previous year. I sighed and dared to reach back into my head and pull out the dreaded memories I had tried to neglect.The night was young but Todd and I had been hiking all day. Our feet ached along with many other body parts. We built a fire and were up past the lake because we decided to explore a little bit further up, considering we both had some extra days off of work. The winter had been a cold one and there seemed to be little snow melting because the lake appeared low. I felt a chill descend through my body and my hair stuck straight up out of every hair follicle in my body. Leaning back, I took notice to the moon and saw how crisp and serene the mountain sky was. I always loved looking at stars when I went camping, there are so many more to see to the naked eye. The milky way was so easy to see, it looked as though someone had accidentally spilt glitter on a piece of black construction paper.
Friday, August 2, 2019
Occupational Health & Safety Essay
In any organization, the role of the Human Resource department can not be overemphasized. This is because this department is laden with numerous responsibilities that are cogent to organizational productivity. I would like to see them as the power house and organizational engineer that detect, fix and make sure that the organization is productive and function at an optimum level. Generally, the effectiveness of an organization’s HR determines the effectiveness of the organization workforce. The strength and coordination of an organization’s workforce is to a large extent dependent on the efficiency of the HR department of the company. In order to achieve smooth running of an organization and maintain a safe and healthy workplace, there are some basic practices that are carried out by the Human Resource Department. In this essay, focus will be drawn on some of these practices, highlighting their importance and the role they play in ensuring organizational progress by achieving organizational short and long term goals. I will be making a brief discussion of these practices in the following paragraphs. One of the major practices associated with the human resource is job analysis. Job analysis can be said to be a detailed process or an act that involves the identification and determination of specific job roles and the responsibilities and importance of the specified job duty. Job analysis becomes important because it determines the qualification for job positions, the compensations to be paid, the hierarchy of the job position and the scope of duties and responsibilities that comes with the job position. It also identifies the kind of training and development that the job will require and the formulation of a job design. Furthermore, as a follow-up to job analysis, in order to maintain a safe and coordinated work environment that will ensure organizational productivity, HR makes sure that they painfully select the right people for the right jobs. Once the nature and specifications for the particular job is identified, it then becomes easy to look out for the person that has the right qualification for the job description. No one wants to put a round peg in a square hole and this makes selection an important task. Selecting the wrong person could cause great damage and result in a huge loss for the company. Generally, there are several methods used in the selection process. This includes interviews, personality tests, IQ tests, physical and cognitive ability tests and the use of biographical data. In addition to the above, the HR of a company organizes training for incoming staffs and those that are already in the system. Training is important in HR because this is where the new staffs are introduced to the organizational goals, the dress code, customer relation, and the organizational structure and culture. In the case of current staffs, training is sometime needed in the case of updating the employees about the new company policies and keeping them informed about new developments as well as developing basic skills that will be needed in their working environment. Apart from this, another practice used by the HR to maintain a safe and healthy workplace is performance measurement. Performance measures and feedback are ways of evaluating the overall productivity of individual employees in relation to organizational input. This practice is a sort of evaluation that shows what is happening, diagnose possible inadequacies and this serves as an impetus for the organization to strategize new ways or/and seek solutions to the problems that are identified. On the overall, it is a way of knowing the exact state of the organization as it is and not as it posses itself to be. Finally, men are social beings that have emotions and rational ability. People generally perform better when rewarded for good performances. In the HR practice, incentives are given so as to encourage workers to perform better and be more committed to the organizational goals that are set. Incentives serves as a motivator as it has a psychological effect on the workers and makes them want to put in more effort because they are being appreciated for their good performances.
Thursday, August 1, 2019
Maps of Geology
There are different phenomena happening in the earth’s crust and some of those are the occurrence of folds and faults. Both phenomena are caused by forces like tension and compression. Folds are bends in the rock surfaces while Faults are fractures in the earth’s crust which allows blocks of rocks to move relative to one another. When this movement becomes rapid, it results to earthquakes (â€Å"What is a fault? ,†2008). Since there are two blocks of rocks involved in a fault, the block which is above the fault plane is the Hanging-wall while the block below the fault plane is called the Footwall (Laske, 2006).There are three general types of faults: the Dip-slip, Strike-slip and the Oblique faults. A Dip-slip fault is a type of fault wherein the movement is vertical. Here, one block of rock moves up and the other moves down. In the Dip-slip fault, the fracture may be classified as either a Normal or a Reverse fault. For the Normal type, the Hanging-wall moves d own while the Footwall moves up. This type of fault is caused by tensional stress. Unlike the Normal type, the Reverse fault has a Hanging-wall that moves up and a Footwall that moves down.The force responsible for this fault is the compressional stress. A Strike-slip fault is a type of fault where the movement of the blocks is horizontal. Strike-slip faults can be classified according to the displacement of the block farther when viewed facing the fault line. If the displacement is to the left, then it is a left-lateral fault otherwise it is a right-lateral fault (Gore, 1996). As for faults exhibiting the vertical as well as the horizontal movement, those are classified as the Oblique type of fault (â€Å"What is a fault? ,†2008).A famous right-lateral fault is the San Andreas Fault which involves the North American and Pacific plates. If this would continue its activity, there will be more earthquakes in the area and it is also possible that the two plates involved will be really far from each other as time Faults, Folds, Maps 3 comes (Fialko, 2006). With this, one should be really prepared because reported earthquakes in this area are dangerous. People there should be taught on how to deal with this type of situation. Mapping has already been an important part of society.Maps can show a lot of information about a place depending on what kind of map that is. One kind of map used is the Topographic map wherein contour lines are used to show the surface of the earth. These lines are imaginary lines with equal elevations that can be used for detailed features of an area like streets, vegetation and buildings (â€Å"Topographic Map Symbols,†2005). Another kind of map used is the Geologic map. Unlike the Topographic map, this map’s concern is to show the geologic details of the area like locations of folds and faults and types of rock present.Also, geologic maps have distinctive colors which represent different geological units (â€Å"Geol ogic Maps,†2000). Figure 1 is an illustration of a mountain and to be able to identify the slope of the land surface, one can use a Topographic map. If the contour lines that will be seen after mapping the area lie close to each other, the slope is steep otherwise; the land surface has a gradual slope (Rosenberg, 2007). Building a house in a location like that of the illustration may be hard but it may be possible if the location that will be chosen has rocks and soil that are stable and far from folds and fault lines.This is because one would not want a house built in a place with frequent earthquakes and can be easily ruined by landslides and the like. This may be done by mapping the area through a geologic map. Faults, Folds, Maps 4 Figure 1. An illustration of a cone of a former mountain. As said earlier, different phenomena are caused by different stresses. The compressional, shear and tensional stresses can help form structural features in rocks such as faults, dikes, s ills, and bedding planes. Locations for establishing a place also depends on these factors.Canmore community for example may have been established in its location because of that. Faults, Folds, Maps 5 References Fialko, Y. (2006). Interseismic strain accumulation and the earthquake potential on the southern San Andreas fault system. Nature, 441(June 22 2006), 968-971. Geologic Maps. (2000, September 25, 2000). Retrieved June 30, 2008, from http://www. nature. nps. gov/geology/usgsnps/gmap/gmap1. html#color Gore, P. J. W. (1996). Faults. Retrieved June 30, 2008, from http://facstaff. gpc. edu/~pgore/geology/geo101/faults. htm Laske, G. (2006). Earthquakes and Seismology.Retrieved June 30, 2008, from http://quakeinfo. ucsd. edu/~gabi/erth15-06/Lecture06. html National Mapping Discipline, U. S. Geological Survey. Topographic Map Symbols. (2005). from http://erg. usgs. gov/isb/pubs/booklets/symbols/ Rosenberg, M. (2007). Topographic Maps: An Overview of Topographic Maps [Electronic Ver sion]. Retrieved June 30, 2008, from http://geography. about. com/od/topographicmaps/a/topographicmaps. htm UC Berkeley Seismological Laboratory. What is a fault? (2008). Retrieved June 30, 2008, from http://seismo. berkeley. edu/faq/fault_0. html
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